> ## Documentation Index
> Fetch the complete documentation index at: https://docs.tensor9.com/llms.txt
> Use this file to discover all available pages before exploring further.

# Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL costs

> Compare Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL backend choices using explicit service-adapter planning assumptions.

Tensor9 BYOC planning comparisons for `google::1.0.0::cloudsql::postgresql`, with backend choices shown together. Read [how Tensor9 estimates service-adapter costs](/byoc/costs/overview.md) for price scope and capacity qualification, or return to [additional services](/byoc/costs/additional-services.md).

## Google Cloud SQL PostgreSQL → PostgreSQL Flexible Server

Origin API: `google::1.0.0::cloudsql::postgresql`. Target backend: `azure::1.0.0::postgresql::flexible`.

**Designed mapping.** This cost model describes an intended adapter. Its estimated price does not establish a delivered or selectable backend.

### Google Cloud SQL PostgreSQL · Primary allocated compute

Estimated monthly service charges by Primary allocated compute. Adapter hosting and Tensor9 fees are excluded. Source: us-central1; target: eastus; currency: USD.

![Google Cloud SQL PostgreSQL · Primary allocated compute: monthly service charges by Primary allocated compute. Exact values are in the following table.](/images/diagrams/service-cost/8c78befe911656adf9b783f20f402a7c39375804f2b1ebc949c792f70fc7e36c-light.svg)

![Google Cloud SQL PostgreSQL · Primary allocated compute: monthly service charges by Primary allocated compute. Exact values are in the following table.](/images/diagrams/service-cost/50de2cc1b522c8d3c4821ad3956c8780527bd84fbfcd175335bb8bd3b8cda9c8-dark.svg)

Comparison pills describe all sampled scale points; card amounts show the named workload. Costs The Same means within 20% at every point. Costs Depend includes mixed results and unpriced samples.

Exact sampled model outputs in USD/month. Difference means target minus origin; a positive difference means the target costs more.
Estimated allocation from planning assumptions; not benchmark calibrated. Lines connect evaluated samples; intermediate capacity and prices are not inferred. Unpriced means no target quote or cost difference is available within the sizing policy.

| Primary allocated compute (vCPU-hours/month) | Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL | Target scenario | PostgreSQL Flexible Server | Difference |
| -: | -: | - | -: | -: |
| 0 | 0 | PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | 141.44 | 141.44 |
| 0 | 0 | PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | 282.88 | 282.88 |
| 1460 | 60.298 | PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | 141.44 | 81.142 |
| 1460 | 60.298 | PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | 282.88 | 222.582 |
| 2920 | 120.596 | PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | 271.38 | 150.784 |
| 2920 | 120.596 | PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | 542.76 | 422.164 |
| 5840 | 241.192 | PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | 531.26 | 290.068 |
| 5840 | 241.192 | PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | 1062.52 | 821.328 |
| 11680 | 482.384 | PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | 1051.02 | 568.636 |
| 11680 | 482.384 | PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | 2102.04 | 1619.656 |
| 23360 | 964.768 | PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | 2090.54 | 1125.772 |
| 23360 | 964.768 | PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | 4181.08 | 3216.312 |
| 46720 | 1929.536 | PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | 4169.58 | 2240.044 |
| 46720 | 1929.536 | PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | 8339.16 | 6409.624 |

**Estimated allocation from planning assumptions; not benchmark calibrated.**

The sizing policy grows compute with translated work and peak headroom, memory with compute and working set, and disk with resident working state and reserve. Monthly usage is distinct from resident data; each workload's assumptions define the translation. HA changes pricing, not this policy's throughput estimate. Unpriced workloads exceed the policy's configuration range; no silent vertical cap or automatic sharding is assumed.

| Sample / scenario | Basis | Mean / peak work/s | Required vCPU | Allocated vCPU | Memory GiB | SSD GiB | Resident GiB | Policy | Constraints |
| - | - | -: | -: | -: | -: | -: | -: | - | - |
| 0 vCPU-hours/month / PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | PlanningAssumption | 0 / 0 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 100 | 0 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |
| 0 vCPU-hours/month / PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | PlanningAssumption | 0 / 0 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 100 | 0 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |
| 1460 vCPU-hours/month / PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | PlanningAssumption | 0 / 0 | 2 | 2 | 8 | 100 | 0 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |
| 1460 vCPU-hours/month / PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | PlanningAssumption | 0 / 0 | 2 | 2 | 8 | 100 | 0 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |
| 2920 vCPU-hours/month / PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | PlanningAssumption | 0 / 0 | 4 | 4 | 16 | 100 | 0 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |
| 2920 vCPU-hours/month / PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | PlanningAssumption | 0 / 0 | 4 | 4 | 16 | 100 | 0 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |
| 5840 vCPU-hours/month / PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | PlanningAssumption | 0 / 0 | 8 | 8 | 32 | 100 | 0 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |
| 5840 vCPU-hours/month / PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | PlanningAssumption | 0 / 0 | 8 | 8 | 32 | 100 | 0 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |
| 11680 vCPU-hours/month / PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | PlanningAssumption | 0 / 0 | 16 | 16 | 64 | 100 | 0 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |
| 11680 vCPU-hours/month / PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | PlanningAssumption | 0 / 0 | 16 | 16 | 64 | 100 | 0 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |
| 23360 vCPU-hours/month / PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | PlanningAssumption | 0 / 0 | 32 | 32 | 128 | 100 | 0 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |
| 23360 vCPU-hours/month / PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | PlanningAssumption | 0 / 0 | 32 | 32 | 128 | 100 | 0 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |
| 46720 vCPU-hours/month / PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | PlanningAssumption | 0 / 0 | 64 | 64 | 256 | 100 | 0 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |
| 46720 vCPU-hours/month / PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | PlanningAssumption | 0 / 0 | 64 | 64 | 256 | 100 | 0 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |

* Row-store throughput (capacityOpsPerVcpuSecond, default 1500) is measured-by-tensor9 as a lower bound: the DynamoDB adapter on Cloud SQL db-custom-2-7680 (2 vCPU, PostgreSQL 16, us-west1) served 2,974 ops/s of YCSB-A at 16 threads without recorded saturation (src/main/kotlin/t9/prime/equiv/generated/eval/CloudsqlPostgresqlYcsbAT16GoYcsbV1\_0\_0.kt). Published CPU-bound pgbench reaches 3,101 read-write transactions and 20,289 point reads per vCPU-second (AWS z1d.2xlarge, PostgreSQL 14.5), so actual capacity is likely higher. Reads and writes share one coefficient: at the same adapter version, read-only YCSB-C was not faster than 50%-update YCSB-A.
* Log-broker throughput (capacityStreamMiBPerVcpuSecond 20 at 0.5 utilization, 4 GiB RAM per vCPU) is provider-documented by Google Managed Service for Apache Kafka sizing ([https://docs.cloud.google.com/managed-service-for-apache-kafka/docs/plan-cluster-size](https://docs.cloud.google.com/managed-service-for-apache-kafka/docs/plan-cluster-size)): write-equivalent bytes are replicated writes plus a quarter of reads. Producer batches below 10 KB lower per-CPU throughput; that penalty is not modeled.
* Disk utilization 0.8 is provider-documented headroom below Cloud SQL automatic storage increase, which triggers near 91-95% full ([https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/instance-settings](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/instance-settings)). The 20 GiB reserve exceeds PostgreSQL's 1 GB default max\_wal\_size; the remainder of that reserve is unmeasured.
* CPU tiers, 4 GiB per vCPU, at most 6.5 GiB per vCPU, 96 vCPU and 65,536 GiB disk follow Cloud SQL Enterprise custom machine limits (provider-documented, same page); 624 GiB is 96 × 6.5. Targets billed per node, unit or throughput unit are sized by their backend instead.
* No public evidence: peak/mean work (2) and the RAM working-set fraction (0.1). Proposed measurements: the p99 one-minute rate over the monthly mean from customer CloudWatch metrics; the buffer hit ratio while stepping RAM under a fixed YCSB-B load.
* Stored GiB already includes the origin family's physical footprint assumptions; no second storage amplification is applied.
* The workload family already selected resource-hours; the throughput coefficient is not applied again.
* Copies and allocation fractions change cost only; they do not increase modeled primary capacity.

**Curve assumptions**

| Target scenario | Assumption | Value | Unit |
| - | - | -: | - |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Origin list price · Primary compute | 0.0413 | USD/vCPU-hours |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Origin list price · Primary memory | 0.007 | USD/GiB-hours |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Origin list price · Primary provisioned storage | 0.17 | USD/GiB-month |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Origin list price · Database reads | 0 | USD/operations |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Origin list price · Database writes | 0 | USD/operations |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Target CPU / source CPU | 1 | multiplier |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Target RAM / source RAM | 1 | multiplier |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Target disk / source disk | 1 | multiplier |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Target price guess · read | 0 | USD/read |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Target price guess · write | 0 | USD/write |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Target price guess · provider operation | 0 | USD/provider operation |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Target list price · GiB-month | 0.115 | USD/GiB-month |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Target price guess · published GiB | 0 | USD/published GiB |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Target price guess · delivered GiB | 0 | USD/delivered GiB |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Target list price · network GiB | 0.087 | USD/network GiB |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Target price guess · replica GiB-month | 0 | USD/replica GiB-month |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Target list price · vCPU-hour | 0.053 | USD/vCPU-hour |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Target list price · GiB-hour | 0.009 | USD/GiB-hour |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Target price guess · resource-hour | 0 | USD/resource-hour |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Target price guess · resource-month | 0 | USD/resource-month |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Target price guess · input token | 0 | USD/input token |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Target price guess · output token | 0 | USD/output token |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Target monthly base charge | 0 | USD/month |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Target service minimum | 16.09 | USD/month |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Minimum primary CPU | 2 | vCPU |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Minimum primary RAM | 8 | GiB |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Minimum primary disk | 100 | GiB |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Additional full-price standby copy | 0 | 0 or 1 |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Allocated share of provisioned cost | 1 | fraction |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Read/write work per vCPU-second | 1500 | operations/vCPU-second |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Planning peak / mean work | 2 | multiplier |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Planning primary CPU utilization | 0.7 | fraction |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Resident state reserved in RAM | 0.1 | fraction |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Planning disk utilization | 0.8 | fraction |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Maintenance and log disk reserve | 20 | GiB |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Staging database CPU unit-price guess | 0.0413 | USD/vCPU-hour |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Staging database RAM unit-price guess | 0.007 | USD/GiB-hour |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Staging database disk unit-price guess | 0.17 | USD/GiB-month |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Dependent object sink storage price guess | 0.023 | USD/GiB-month |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Dependent object sink write price guess | 0.000005 | USD/write |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Origin list price · Primary compute | 0.0413 | USD/vCPU-hours |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Origin list price · Primary memory | 0.007 | USD/GiB-hours |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Origin list price · Primary provisioned storage | 0.17 | USD/GiB-month |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Origin list price · Database reads | 0 | USD/operations |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Origin list price · Database writes | 0 | USD/operations |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Target CPU / source CPU | 1 | multiplier |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Target RAM / source RAM | 1 | multiplier |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Target disk / source disk | 1 | multiplier |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Target price guess · read | 0 | USD/read |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Target price guess · write | 0 | USD/write |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Target price guess · provider operation | 0 | USD/provider operation |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Target list price · GiB-month | 0.115 | USD/GiB-month |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Target price guess · published GiB | 0 | USD/published GiB |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Target price guess · delivered GiB | 0 | USD/delivered GiB |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Target list price · network GiB | 0.087 | USD/network GiB |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Target price guess · replica GiB-month | 0 | USD/replica GiB-month |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Target list price · vCPU-hour | 0.053 | USD/vCPU-hour |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Target list price · GiB-hour | 0.009 | USD/GiB-hour |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Target price guess · resource-hour | 0 | USD/resource-hour |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Target price guess · resource-month | 0 | USD/resource-month |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Target price guess · input token | 0 | USD/input token |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Target price guess · output token | 0 | USD/output token |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Target monthly base charge | 0 | USD/month |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Target service minimum | 16.09 | USD/month |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Minimum primary CPU | 2 | vCPU |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Minimum primary RAM | 8 | GiB |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Minimum primary disk | 100 | GiB |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Additional full-price standby copy | 1 | 0 or 1 |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Allocated share of provisioned cost | 1 | fraction |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Read/write work per vCPU-second | 1500 | operations/vCPU-second |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Planning peak / mean work | 2 | multiplier |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Planning primary CPU utilization | 0.7 | fraction |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Resident state reserved in RAM | 0.1 | fraction |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Planning disk utilization | 0.8 | fraction |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Maintenance and log disk reserve | 20 | GiB |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Staging database CPU unit-price guess | 0.0413 | USD/vCPU-hour |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Staging database RAM unit-price guess | 0.007 | USD/GiB-hour |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Staging database disk unit-price guess | 0.17 | USD/GiB-month |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Dependent object sink storage price guess | 0.023 | USD/GiB-month |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Dependent object sink write price guess | 0.000005 | USD/write |

* CPU allocation does not imply an achieved transaction rate. Editable authored planning guesses, not verified provider tariffs, benchmark measurements or a commercial quote. Other native meters retain their explicitly displayed default quantities.
* Planning estimate · editable authored rates and sizing assumptions dated 2026-10-22; not verified provider prices. us-central1 → eastus, USD/month.
* Source prices are reference charges, not an invoice. Target lines cover selected service usage/configuration only; adapter hosting and Tensor9 fees are excluded.
* Explicit tariff samples are not performance measurements or capacity qualification. No interpolation or break-even guarantee is implied.
* Variant assumptions show the first axis sample; any axis-dependent configuration is described by this curve's workload note.
* Rates are cited provider list prices, editable for discounts, commitments or another region. Workload translation and capacity coefficients remain editable planning assumptions, not benchmark measurements or a commercial quote.
* Default-zero rates are explicit assumptions, not evidence that the deployed service or resource is free.
* Provisioned-unit minimums use an editable approximate allocation floor. Modeled target service cost is max(usage/allocation, minimum), with billable network, durable staging and dependent sinks added separately; actual RU/TU sizing, scaling increments and throughput remain unqualified.
* Durable staging is priced once: provisioned targets include adapter state in their selected allocation; native targets add a separate staging allocation when required. Adapter hosting is a separate allocation and must exclude resources already priced as staging, workers or target capacity.
* A declared adapter mapping and cost model do not establish implementation availability or service equivalence.
* This exact directed mapping has a design profile. Cost modeling does not establish an implemented or deployable adapter.
* Authored planning assumptions, not measured adapter capacity. Origin rates are cited first-tier list prices, before free allowances and discounts.
* A cost scenario does not establish backend availability, protocol fidelity or production readiness. Registry serving status remains independent.
* Provisioned compute and RAM are priced by resource-hour; operations are independently authored. Database size cannot be inferred from dollars alone.
* Aurora/AlloyDB, MySQL/PostgreSQL and proxied targets retain their distinct backend contracts. HA, replicas and proxy allocations must be selected explicitly.
* Cloud SQL bills vCPU and memory separately, so both meters cite list prices.
* Azure Database for PostgreSQL Flexible Server bills vCores with a fixed memory ratio per series; the vCPU and memory rates decompose the General Purpose and Memory Optimized v5 prices. High availability bills the standby's compute and storage as a second copy. The minimum is the smallest Burstable server, which does not support high availability; the smallest General Purpose server (2 vCores) costs USD 133.62 per month. Additional IOPS, backup storage and reserved capacity are not selected.
* Row-store throughput (capacityOpsPerVcpuSecond, default 1500) is measured-by-tensor9 as a lower bound: the DynamoDB adapter on Cloud SQL db-custom-2-7680 (2 vCPU, PostgreSQL 16, us-west1) served 2,974 ops/s of YCSB-A at 16 threads without recorded saturation (src/main/kotlin/t9/prime/equiv/generated/eval/CloudsqlPostgresqlYcsbAT16GoYcsbV1\_0\_0.kt). Published CPU-bound pgbench reaches 3,101 read-write transactions and 20,289 point reads per vCPU-second (AWS z1d.2xlarge, PostgreSQL 14.5), so actual capacity is likely higher. Reads and writes share one coefficient: at the same adapter version, read-only YCSB-C was not faster than 50%-update YCSB-A.
* Log-broker throughput (capacityStreamMiBPerVcpuSecond 20 at 0.5 utilization, 4 GiB RAM per vCPU) is provider-documented by Google Managed Service for Apache Kafka sizing ([https://docs.cloud.google.com/managed-service-for-apache-kafka/docs/plan-cluster-size](https://docs.cloud.google.com/managed-service-for-apache-kafka/docs/plan-cluster-size)): write-equivalent bytes are replicated writes plus a quarter of reads. Producer batches below 10 KB lower per-CPU throughput; that penalty is not modeled.
* Disk utilization 0.8 is provider-documented headroom below Cloud SQL automatic storage increase, which triggers near 91-95% full ([https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/instance-settings](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/instance-settings)). The 20 GiB reserve exceeds PostgreSQL's 1 GB default max\_wal\_size; the remainder of that reserve is unmeasured.
* CPU tiers, 4 GiB per vCPU, at most 6.5 GiB per vCPU, 96 vCPU and 65,536 GiB disk follow Cloud SQL Enterprise custom machine limits (provider-documented, same page); 624 GiB is 96 × 6.5. Targets billed per node, unit or throughput unit are sized by their backend instead.
* No public evidence: peak/mean work (2) and the RAM working-set fraction (0.1). Proposed measurements: the p99 one-minute rate over the monthly mean from customer CloudWatch metrics; the buffer hit ratio while stepping RAM under a fixed YCSB-B load.
* Stored GiB already includes the origin family's physical footprint assumptions; no second storage amplification is applied.
* The workload family already selected resource-hours; the throughput coefficient is not applied again.
* Copies and allocation fractions change cost only; they do not increase modeled primary capacity.
* Cloud SQL pricing: [https://cloud.google.com/sql/pricing](https://cloud.google.com/sql/pricing)
* Azure Retail Prices API: [https://prices.azure.com/api/retail/prices](https://prices.azure.com/api/retail/prices)

Cost scope: Modeled target native service and explicitly modeled state allocation; hosting and Tensor9 fees only when supplied.

Excluded costs and workload features:

* Additional network transfer, backups, KMS, one-time migration and operational labor unless an explicit meter includes them.
* Destination application execution and separately billed downstream services; supply those allocations separately.
* Aurora per-IO, serverless-capacity, backup and proxy tariffs; reserved/committed-use purchase options.
* Taxes, discounts, credits and free-tier allowances unless explicitly reflected in edited rates.
* Unmodeled dependent services, task execution and operations outside the selected workload family.

List prices read: 2026-10-22. Model: `plan-a5e8eb019a82720c35fc042f7bc4318adfca4fc3` / `2026-10-22.planning.2`. Curve: `workload-1`.

Sources: [Cloud SQL pricing](https://cloud.google.com/sql/pricing), [Azure Retail Prices API](https://prices.azure.com/api/retail/prices).

### Google Cloud SQL PostgreSQL · Stored data

Estimated monthly service charges by Stored data. Adapter hosting and Tensor9 fees are excluded. Source: us-central1; target: eastus; currency: USD.

![Google Cloud SQL PostgreSQL · Stored data: monthly service charges by Stored data. Exact values are in the following table.](/images/diagrams/service-cost/dc8c48b96a9e49aa4f8ef2d2c1d03f0c7ae1f9bb3d72e767ec4fc9cdb31985d4-light.svg)

![Google Cloud SQL PostgreSQL · Stored data: monthly service charges by Stored data. Exact values are in the following table.](/images/diagrams/service-cost/caf41053122c7d5fa3633047f6b5d6c5f3bf48d90937ee43f42df5321907d984-dark.svg)

Comparison pills describe all sampled scale points; card amounts show the named workload. Costs The Same means within 20% at every point. Costs Depend includes mixed results and unpriced samples.

Exact sampled model outputs in USD/month. Difference means target minus origin; a positive difference means the target costs more.
Estimated allocation from planning assumptions; not benchmark calibrated. Lines connect evaluated samples; intermediate capacity and prices are not inferred. Unpriced means no target quote or cost difference is available within the sizing policy.

| Stored data (GiB-month) | Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL | Target scenario | PostgreSQL Flexible Server | Difference |
| -: | -: | - | -: | -: |
| 0 | 0 | PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | 141.44 | 141.44 |
| 0 | 0 | PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | 282.88 | 282.88 |
| 10 | 1.7 | PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | 141.44 | 139.74 |
| 10 | 1.7 | PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | 282.88 | 281.18 |
| 100 | 17 | PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | 160.33 | 143.33 |
| 100 | 17 | PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | 320.66 | 303.66 |
| 1000 | 170 | PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | 1422.665 | 1252.665 |
| 1000 | 170 | PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | 2845.33 | 2675.33 |
| 10000 | 1700 | PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Unpriced | Unavailable |
| 10000 | 1700 | PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Unpriced | Unavailable |
| 100000 | 17000 | PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Unpriced | Unavailable |
| 100000 | 17000 | PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Unpriced | Unavailable |

**Estimated allocation from planning assumptions; not benchmark calibrated.**

The sizing policy grows compute with translated work and peak headroom, memory with compute and working set, and disk with resident working state and reserve. Monthly usage is distinct from resident data; each workload's assumptions define the translation. HA changes pricing, not this policy's throughput estimate. Unpriced workloads exceed the policy's configuration range; no silent vertical cap or automatic sharding is assumed.

| Sample / scenario | Basis | Mean / peak work/s | Required vCPU | Allocated vCPU | Memory GiB | SSD GiB | Resident GiB | Policy | Constraints |
| - | - | -: | -: | -: | -: | -: | -: | - | - |
| 0 GiB-month / PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | PlanningAssumption | 0 / 0 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 100 | 0 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |
| 0 GiB-month / PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | PlanningAssumption | 0 / 0 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 100 | 0 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |
| 10 GiB-month / PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | PlanningAssumption | 0 / 0 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 100 | 10 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |
| 10 GiB-month / PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | PlanningAssumption | 0 / 0 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 100 | 10 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |
| 100 GiB-month / PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | PlanningAssumption | 0 / 0 | 0 | 2 | 10 | 150 | 100 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |
| 100 GiB-month / PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | PlanningAssumption | 0 / 0 | 0 | 2 | 10 | 150 | 100 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |
| 1000 GiB-month / PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | PlanningAssumption | 0 / 0 | 0 | 16 | 100 | 1275 | 1000 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |
| 1000 GiB-month / PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | PlanningAssumption | 0 / 0 | 0 | 16 | 100 | 1275 | 1000 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |
| 10000 GiB-month / PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Unpriced | 0 / 0 | 0 | Unpriced | Unpriced | Unpriced | 10000 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | Demand exceeds the planning model's joint CPU/RAM allocation bounds (96 vCPU, 624 GiB RAM). |
| 10000 GiB-month / PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Unpriced | 0 / 0 | 0 | Unpriced | Unpriced | Unpriced | 10000 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | Demand exceeds the planning model's joint CPU/RAM allocation bounds (96 vCPU, 624 GiB RAM). |
| 100000 GiB-month / PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Unpriced | 0 / 0 | 0 | Unpriced | Unpriced | Unpriced | 100000 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | Demand exceeds the planning model's joint CPU/RAM allocation bounds (96 vCPU, 624 GiB RAM).; Required disk exceeds the planning model's 65,536 GiB bound. |
| 100000 GiB-month / PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Unpriced | 0 / 0 | 0 | Unpriced | Unpriced | Unpriced | 100000 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | Demand exceeds the planning model's joint CPU/RAM allocation bounds (96 vCPU, 624 GiB RAM).; Required disk exceeds the planning model's 65,536 GiB bound. |

* Row-store throughput (capacityOpsPerVcpuSecond, default 1500) is measured-by-tensor9 as a lower bound: the DynamoDB adapter on Cloud SQL db-custom-2-7680 (2 vCPU, PostgreSQL 16, us-west1) served 2,974 ops/s of YCSB-A at 16 threads without recorded saturation (src/main/kotlin/t9/prime/equiv/generated/eval/CloudsqlPostgresqlYcsbAT16GoYcsbV1\_0\_0.kt). Published CPU-bound pgbench reaches 3,101 read-write transactions and 20,289 point reads per vCPU-second (AWS z1d.2xlarge, PostgreSQL 14.5), so actual capacity is likely higher. Reads and writes share one coefficient: at the same adapter version, read-only YCSB-C was not faster than 50%-update YCSB-A.
* Log-broker throughput (capacityStreamMiBPerVcpuSecond 20 at 0.5 utilization, 4 GiB RAM per vCPU) is provider-documented by Google Managed Service for Apache Kafka sizing ([https://docs.cloud.google.com/managed-service-for-apache-kafka/docs/plan-cluster-size](https://docs.cloud.google.com/managed-service-for-apache-kafka/docs/plan-cluster-size)): write-equivalent bytes are replicated writes plus a quarter of reads. Producer batches below 10 KB lower per-CPU throughput; that penalty is not modeled.
* Disk utilization 0.8 is provider-documented headroom below Cloud SQL automatic storage increase, which triggers near 91-95% full ([https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/instance-settings](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/instance-settings)). The 20 GiB reserve exceeds PostgreSQL's 1 GB default max\_wal\_size; the remainder of that reserve is unmeasured.
* CPU tiers, 4 GiB per vCPU, at most 6.5 GiB per vCPU, 96 vCPU and 65,536 GiB disk follow Cloud SQL Enterprise custom machine limits (provider-documented, same page); 624 GiB is 96 × 6.5. Targets billed per node, unit or throughput unit are sized by their backend instead.
* No public evidence: peak/mean work (2) and the RAM working-set fraction (0.1). Proposed measurements: the p99 one-minute rate over the monthly mean from customer CloudWatch metrics; the buffer hit ratio while stepping RAM under a fixed YCSB-B load.
* Stored GiB already includes the origin family's physical footprint assumptions; no second storage amplification is applied.
* The workload family already selected resource-hours; the throughput coefficient is not applied again.
* Copies and allocation fractions change cost only; they do not increase modeled primary capacity.

**Curve assumptions**

| Target scenario | Assumption | Value | Unit |
| - | - | -: | - |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Origin list price · Primary compute | 0.0413 | USD/vCPU-hours |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Origin list price · Primary memory | 0.007 | USD/GiB-hours |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Origin list price · Primary provisioned storage | 0.17 | USD/GiB-month |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Origin list price · Database reads | 0 | USD/operations |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Origin list price · Database writes | 0 | USD/operations |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Target CPU / source CPU | 1 | multiplier |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Target RAM / source RAM | 1 | multiplier |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Target disk / source disk | 1 | multiplier |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Target price guess · read | 0 | USD/read |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Target price guess · write | 0 | USD/write |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Target price guess · provider operation | 0 | USD/provider operation |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Target list price · GiB-month | 0.115 | USD/GiB-month |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Target price guess · published GiB | 0 | USD/published GiB |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Target price guess · delivered GiB | 0 | USD/delivered GiB |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Target list price · network GiB | 0.087 | USD/network GiB |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Target price guess · replica GiB-month | 0 | USD/replica GiB-month |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Target list price · vCPU-hour | 0.053 | USD/vCPU-hour |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Target list price · GiB-hour | 0.009 | USD/GiB-hour |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Target price guess · resource-hour | 0 | USD/resource-hour |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Target price guess · resource-month | 0 | USD/resource-month |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Target price guess · input token | 0 | USD/input token |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Target price guess · output token | 0 | USD/output token |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Target monthly base charge | 0 | USD/month |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Target service minimum | 16.09 | USD/month |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Minimum primary CPU | 2 | vCPU |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Minimum primary RAM | 8 | GiB |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Minimum primary disk | 100 | GiB |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Additional full-price standby copy | 0 | 0 or 1 |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Allocated share of provisioned cost | 1 | fraction |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Read/write work per vCPU-second | 1500 | operations/vCPU-second |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Planning peak / mean work | 2 | multiplier |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Planning primary CPU utilization | 0.7 | fraction |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Resident state reserved in RAM | 0.1 | fraction |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Planning disk utilization | 0.8 | fraction |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Maintenance and log disk reserve | 20 | GiB |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Staging database CPU unit-price guess | 0.0413 | USD/vCPU-hour |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Staging database RAM unit-price guess | 0.007 | USD/GiB-hour |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Staging database disk unit-price guess | 0.17 | USD/GiB-month |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Dependent object sink storage price guess | 0.023 | USD/GiB-month |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Dependent object sink write price guess | 0.000005 | USD/write |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Origin list price · Primary compute | 0.0413 | USD/vCPU-hours |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Origin list price · Primary memory | 0.007 | USD/GiB-hours |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Origin list price · Primary provisioned storage | 0.17 | USD/GiB-month |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Origin list price · Database reads | 0 | USD/operations |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Origin list price · Database writes | 0 | USD/operations |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Target CPU / source CPU | 1 | multiplier |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Target RAM / source RAM | 1 | multiplier |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Target disk / source disk | 1 | multiplier |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Target price guess · read | 0 | USD/read |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Target price guess · write | 0 | USD/write |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Target price guess · provider operation | 0 | USD/provider operation |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Target list price · GiB-month | 0.115 | USD/GiB-month |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Target price guess · published GiB | 0 | USD/published GiB |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Target price guess · delivered GiB | 0 | USD/delivered GiB |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Target list price · network GiB | 0.087 | USD/network GiB |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Target price guess · replica GiB-month | 0 | USD/replica GiB-month |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Target list price · vCPU-hour | 0.053 | USD/vCPU-hour |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Target list price · GiB-hour | 0.009 | USD/GiB-hour |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Target price guess · resource-hour | 0 | USD/resource-hour |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Target price guess · resource-month | 0 | USD/resource-month |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Target price guess · input token | 0 | USD/input token |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Target price guess · output token | 0 | USD/output token |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Target monthly base charge | 0 | USD/month |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Target service minimum | 16.09 | USD/month |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Minimum primary CPU | 2 | vCPU |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Minimum primary RAM | 8 | GiB |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Minimum primary disk | 100 | GiB |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Additional full-price standby copy | 1 | 0 or 1 |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Allocated share of provisioned cost | 1 | fraction |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Read/write work per vCPU-second | 1500 | operations/vCPU-second |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Planning peak / mean work | 2 | multiplier |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Planning primary CPU utilization | 0.7 | fraction |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Resident state reserved in RAM | 0.1 | fraction |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Planning disk utilization | 0.8 | fraction |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Maintenance and log disk reserve | 20 | GiB |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Staging database CPU unit-price guess | 0.0413 | USD/vCPU-hour |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Staging database RAM unit-price guess | 0.007 | USD/GiB-hour |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Staging database disk unit-price guess | 0.17 | USD/GiB-month |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Dependent object sink storage price guess | 0.023 | USD/GiB-month |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Dependent object sink write price guess | 0.000005 | USD/write |

* Request meters remain at their independently authored defaults. Editable authored planning guesses, not verified provider tariffs, benchmark measurements or a commercial quote. Other native meters retain their explicitly displayed default quantities.
* Planning estimate · editable authored rates and sizing assumptions dated 2026-10-22; not verified provider prices. us-central1 → eastus, USD/month.
* Source prices are reference charges, not an invoice. Target lines cover selected service usage/configuration only; adapter hosting and Tensor9 fees are excluded.
* Explicit tariff samples are not performance measurements or capacity qualification. No interpolation or break-even guarantee is implied.
* Variant assumptions show the first axis sample; any axis-dependent configuration is described by this curve's workload note.
* Rates are cited provider list prices, editable for discounts, commitments or another region. Workload translation and capacity coefficients remain editable planning assumptions, not benchmark measurements or a commercial quote.
* Default-zero rates are explicit assumptions, not evidence that the deployed service or resource is free.
* Provisioned-unit minimums use an editable approximate allocation floor. Modeled target service cost is max(usage/allocation, minimum), with billable network, durable staging and dependent sinks added separately; actual RU/TU sizing, scaling increments and throughput remain unqualified.
* Durable staging is priced once: provisioned targets include adapter state in their selected allocation; native targets add a separate staging allocation when required. Adapter hosting is a separate allocation and must exclude resources already priced as staging, workers or target capacity.
* A declared adapter mapping and cost model do not establish implementation availability or service equivalence.
* This exact directed mapping has a design profile. Cost modeling does not establish an implemented or deployable adapter.
* Authored planning assumptions, not measured adapter capacity. Origin rates are cited first-tier list prices, before free allowances and discounts.
* A cost scenario does not establish backend availability, protocol fidelity or production readiness. Registry serving status remains independent.
* Provisioned compute and RAM are priced by resource-hour; operations are independently authored. Database size cannot be inferred from dollars alone.
* Aurora/AlloyDB, MySQL/PostgreSQL and proxied targets retain their distinct backend contracts. HA, replicas and proxy allocations must be selected explicitly.
* Cloud SQL bills vCPU and memory separately, so both meters cite list prices.
* Azure Database for PostgreSQL Flexible Server bills vCores with a fixed memory ratio per series; the vCPU and memory rates decompose the General Purpose and Memory Optimized v5 prices. High availability bills the standby's compute and storage as a second copy. The minimum is the smallest Burstable server, which does not support high availability; the smallest General Purpose server (2 vCores) costs USD 133.62 per month. Additional IOPS, backup storage and reserved capacity are not selected.
* Row-store throughput (capacityOpsPerVcpuSecond, default 1500) is measured-by-tensor9 as a lower bound: the DynamoDB adapter on Cloud SQL db-custom-2-7680 (2 vCPU, PostgreSQL 16, us-west1) served 2,974 ops/s of YCSB-A at 16 threads without recorded saturation (src/main/kotlin/t9/prime/equiv/generated/eval/CloudsqlPostgresqlYcsbAT16GoYcsbV1\_0\_0.kt). Published CPU-bound pgbench reaches 3,101 read-write transactions and 20,289 point reads per vCPU-second (AWS z1d.2xlarge, PostgreSQL 14.5), so actual capacity is likely higher. Reads and writes share one coefficient: at the same adapter version, read-only YCSB-C was not faster than 50%-update YCSB-A.
* Log-broker throughput (capacityStreamMiBPerVcpuSecond 20 at 0.5 utilization, 4 GiB RAM per vCPU) is provider-documented by Google Managed Service for Apache Kafka sizing ([https://docs.cloud.google.com/managed-service-for-apache-kafka/docs/plan-cluster-size](https://docs.cloud.google.com/managed-service-for-apache-kafka/docs/plan-cluster-size)): write-equivalent bytes are replicated writes plus a quarter of reads. Producer batches below 10 KB lower per-CPU throughput; that penalty is not modeled.
* Disk utilization 0.8 is provider-documented headroom below Cloud SQL automatic storage increase, which triggers near 91-95% full ([https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/instance-settings](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/instance-settings)). The 20 GiB reserve exceeds PostgreSQL's 1 GB default max\_wal\_size; the remainder of that reserve is unmeasured.
* CPU tiers, 4 GiB per vCPU, at most 6.5 GiB per vCPU, 96 vCPU and 65,536 GiB disk follow Cloud SQL Enterprise custom machine limits (provider-documented, same page); 624 GiB is 96 × 6.5. Targets billed per node, unit or throughput unit are sized by their backend instead.
* No public evidence: peak/mean work (2) and the RAM working-set fraction (0.1). Proposed measurements: the p99 one-minute rate over the monthly mean from customer CloudWatch metrics; the buffer hit ratio while stepping RAM under a fixed YCSB-B load.
* Stored GiB already includes the origin family's physical footprint assumptions; no second storage amplification is applied.
* The workload family already selected resource-hours; the throughput coefficient is not applied again.
* Copies and allocation fractions change cost only; they do not increase modeled primary capacity.
* Cloud SQL pricing: [https://cloud.google.com/sql/pricing](https://cloud.google.com/sql/pricing)
* Azure Retail Prices API: [https://prices.azure.com/api/retail/prices](https://prices.azure.com/api/retail/prices)

Cost scope: Modeled target native service and explicitly modeled state allocation; hosting and Tensor9 fees only when supplied.

Excluded costs and workload features:

* Additional network transfer, backups, KMS, one-time migration and operational labor unless an explicit meter includes them.
* Destination application execution and separately billed downstream services; supply those allocations separately.
* Aurora per-IO, serverless-capacity, backup and proxy tariffs; reserved/committed-use purchase options.
* Taxes, discounts, credits and free-tier allowances unless explicitly reflected in edited rates.
* Unmodeled dependent services, task execution and operations outside the selected workload family.

List prices read: 2026-10-22. Model: `plan-a5e8eb019a82720c35fc042f7bc4318adfca4fc3` / `2026-10-22.planning.2`. Curve: `workload-2`.

Sources: [Cloud SQL pricing](https://cloud.google.com/sql/pricing), [Azure Retail Prices API](https://prices.azure.com/api/retail/prices).

### Google Cloud SQL PostgreSQL · Database writes

Estimated monthly service charges by Database writes. Adapter hosting and Tensor9 fees are excluded. Source: us-central1; target: eastus; currency: USD.

![Google Cloud SQL PostgreSQL · Database writes: monthly service charges by Database writes. Exact values are in the following table.](/images/diagrams/service-cost/8c7daa2e826bfdaf7c37301591d0da7ee098c7419587f4bd88e827eb3f6e733d-light.svg)

![Google Cloud SQL PostgreSQL · Database writes: monthly service charges by Database writes. Exact values are in the following table.](/images/diagrams/service-cost/32d17274969a33c90ed9f63bc51c48c13e4fb3eac8226d4aca3b90fa8c290c17-dark.svg)

Comparison pills describe all sampled scale points; card amounts show the named workload. Costs The Same means within 20% at every point. Costs Depend includes mixed results and unpriced samples.

Exact sampled model outputs in USD/month. Difference means target minus origin; a positive difference means the target costs more.
Estimated allocation from planning assumptions; not benchmark calibrated. Lines connect evaluated samples; intermediate capacity and prices are not inferred. Unpriced means no target quote or cost difference is available within the sizing policy.

| Database writes (per second) | Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL | Target scenario | PostgreSQL Flexible Server | Difference |
| -: | -: | - | -: | -: |
| 0 | 0 | PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | 141.44 | 141.44 |
| 0 | 0 | PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | 282.88 | 282.88 |
| 1 | 0 | PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | 141.44 | 141.44 |
| 1 | 0 | PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | 282.88 | 282.88 |
| 10 | 0 | PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | 141.44 | 141.44 |
| 10 | 0 | PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | 282.88 | 282.88 |
| 100 | 0 | PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | 141.44 | 141.44 |
| 100 | 0 | PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | 282.88 | 282.88 |
| 1000 | 0 | PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | 141.44 | 141.44 |
| 1000 | 0 | PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | 282.88 | 282.88 |
| 10000 | 0 | PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | 141.44 | 141.44 |
| 10000 | 0 | PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | 282.88 | 282.88 |

**Estimated allocation from planning assumptions; not benchmark calibrated.**

The sizing policy grows compute with translated work and peak headroom, memory with compute and working set, and disk with resident working state and reserve. Monthly usage is distinct from resident data; each workload's assumptions define the translation. HA changes pricing, not this policy's throughput estimate. Unpriced workloads exceed the policy's configuration range; no silent vertical cap or automatic sharding is assumed.

| Sample / scenario | Basis | Mean / peak work/s | Required vCPU | Allocated vCPU | Memory GiB | SSD GiB | Resident GiB | Policy | Constraints |
| - | - | -: | -: | -: | -: | -: | -: | - | - |
| 0 per second / PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | PlanningAssumption | 0 / 0 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 100 | 0 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |
| 0 per second / PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | PlanningAssumption | 0 / 0 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 100 | 0 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |
| 1 per second / PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | PlanningAssumption | 1 / 2 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 100 | 0 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |
| 1 per second / PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | PlanningAssumption | 1 / 2 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 100 | 0 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |
| 10 per second / PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | PlanningAssumption | 10 / 20 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 100 | 0 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |
| 10 per second / PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | PlanningAssumption | 10 / 20 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 100 | 0 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |
| 100 per second / PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | PlanningAssumption | 100 / 200 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 100 | 0 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |
| 100 per second / PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | PlanningAssumption | 100 / 200 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 100 | 0 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |
| 1000 per second / PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | PlanningAssumption | 1000 / 2000 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 100 | 0 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |
| 1000 per second / PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | PlanningAssumption | 1000 / 2000 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 100 | 0 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |
| 10000 per second / PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | PlanningAssumption | 10000 / 20000 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 100 | 0 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |
| 10000 per second / PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | PlanningAssumption | 10000 / 20000 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 100 | 0 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |

* Row-store throughput (capacityOpsPerVcpuSecond, default 1500) is measured-by-tensor9 as a lower bound: the DynamoDB adapter on Cloud SQL db-custom-2-7680 (2 vCPU, PostgreSQL 16, us-west1) served 2,974 ops/s of YCSB-A at 16 threads without recorded saturation (src/main/kotlin/t9/prime/equiv/generated/eval/CloudsqlPostgresqlYcsbAT16GoYcsbV1\_0\_0.kt). Published CPU-bound pgbench reaches 3,101 read-write transactions and 20,289 point reads per vCPU-second (AWS z1d.2xlarge, PostgreSQL 14.5), so actual capacity is likely higher. Reads and writes share one coefficient: at the same adapter version, read-only YCSB-C was not faster than 50%-update YCSB-A.
* Log-broker throughput (capacityStreamMiBPerVcpuSecond 20 at 0.5 utilization, 4 GiB RAM per vCPU) is provider-documented by Google Managed Service for Apache Kafka sizing ([https://docs.cloud.google.com/managed-service-for-apache-kafka/docs/plan-cluster-size](https://docs.cloud.google.com/managed-service-for-apache-kafka/docs/plan-cluster-size)): write-equivalent bytes are replicated writes plus a quarter of reads. Producer batches below 10 KB lower per-CPU throughput; that penalty is not modeled.
* Disk utilization 0.8 is provider-documented headroom below Cloud SQL automatic storage increase, which triggers near 91-95% full ([https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/instance-settings](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/instance-settings)). The 20 GiB reserve exceeds PostgreSQL's 1 GB default max\_wal\_size; the remainder of that reserve is unmeasured.
* CPU tiers, 4 GiB per vCPU, at most 6.5 GiB per vCPU, 96 vCPU and 65,536 GiB disk follow Cloud SQL Enterprise custom machine limits (provider-documented, same page); 624 GiB is 96 × 6.5. Targets billed per node, unit or throughput unit are sized by their backend instead.
* No public evidence: peak/mean work (2) and the RAM working-set fraction (0.1). Proposed measurements: the p99 one-minute rate over the monthly mean from customer CloudWatch metrics; the buffer hit ratio while stepping RAM under a fixed YCSB-B load.
* Stored GiB already includes the origin family's physical footprint assumptions; no second storage amplification is applied.
* The workload family already selected resource-hours; the throughput coefficient is not applied again.
* Copies and allocation fractions change cost only; they do not increase modeled primary capacity.

**Curve assumptions**

| Target scenario | Assumption | Value | Unit |
| - | - | -: | - |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Origin list price · Primary compute | 0.0413 | USD/vCPU-hours |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Origin list price · Primary memory | 0.007 | USD/GiB-hours |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Origin list price · Primary provisioned storage | 0.17 | USD/GiB-month |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Origin list price · Database reads | 0 | USD/operations |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Origin list price · Database writes | 0 | USD/operations |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Target CPU / source CPU | 1 | multiplier |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Target RAM / source RAM | 1 | multiplier |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Target disk / source disk | 1 | multiplier |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Target price guess · read | 0 | USD/read |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Target price guess · write | 0 | USD/write |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Target price guess · provider operation | 0 | USD/provider operation |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Target list price · GiB-month | 0.115 | USD/GiB-month |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Target price guess · published GiB | 0 | USD/published GiB |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Target price guess · delivered GiB | 0 | USD/delivered GiB |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Target list price · network GiB | 0.087 | USD/network GiB |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Target price guess · replica GiB-month | 0 | USD/replica GiB-month |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Target list price · vCPU-hour | 0.053 | USD/vCPU-hour |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Target list price · GiB-hour | 0.009 | USD/GiB-hour |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Target price guess · resource-hour | 0 | USD/resource-hour |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Target price guess · resource-month | 0 | USD/resource-month |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Target price guess · input token | 0 | USD/input token |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Target price guess · output token | 0 | USD/output token |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Target monthly base charge | 0 | USD/month |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Target service minimum | 16.09 | USD/month |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Minimum primary CPU | 2 | vCPU |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Minimum primary RAM | 8 | GiB |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Minimum primary disk | 100 | GiB |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Additional full-price standby copy | 0 | 0 or 1 |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Allocated share of provisioned cost | 1 | fraction |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Read/write work per vCPU-second | 1500 | operations/vCPU-second |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Planning peak / mean work | 2 | multiplier |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Planning primary CPU utilization | 0.7 | fraction |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Resident state reserved in RAM | 0.1 | fraction |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Planning disk utilization | 0.8 | fraction |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Maintenance and log disk reserve | 20 | GiB |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Staging database CPU unit-price guess | 0.0413 | USD/vCPU-hour |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Staging database RAM unit-price guess | 0.007 | USD/GiB-hour |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Staging database disk unit-price guess | 0.17 | USD/GiB-month |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Dependent object sink storage price guess | 0.023 | USD/GiB-month |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (one copy) | Dependent object sink write price guess | 0.000005 | USD/write |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Origin list price · Primary compute | 0.0413 | USD/vCPU-hours |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Origin list price · Primary memory | 0.007 | USD/GiB-hours |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Origin list price · Primary provisioned storage | 0.17 | USD/GiB-month |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Origin list price · Database reads | 0 | USD/operations |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Origin list price · Database writes | 0 | USD/operations |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Target CPU / source CPU | 1 | multiplier |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Target RAM / source RAM | 1 | multiplier |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Target disk / source disk | 1 | multiplier |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Target price guess · read | 0 | USD/read |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Target price guess · write | 0 | USD/write |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Target price guess · provider operation | 0 | USD/provider operation |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Target list price · GiB-month | 0.115 | USD/GiB-month |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Target price guess · published GiB | 0 | USD/published GiB |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Target price guess · delivered GiB | 0 | USD/delivered GiB |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Target list price · network GiB | 0.087 | USD/network GiB |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Target price guess · replica GiB-month | 0 | USD/replica GiB-month |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Target list price · vCPU-hour | 0.053 | USD/vCPU-hour |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Target list price · GiB-hour | 0.009 | USD/GiB-hour |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Target price guess · resource-hour | 0 | USD/resource-hour |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Target price guess · resource-month | 0 | USD/resource-month |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Target price guess · input token | 0 | USD/input token |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Target price guess · output token | 0 | USD/output token |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Target monthly base charge | 0 | USD/month |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Target service minimum | 16.09 | USD/month |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Minimum primary CPU | 2 | vCPU |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Minimum primary RAM | 8 | GiB |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Minimum primary disk | 100 | GiB |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Additional full-price standby copy | 1 | 0 or 1 |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Allocated share of provisioned cost | 1 | fraction |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Read/write work per vCPU-second | 1500 | operations/vCPU-second |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Planning peak / mean work | 2 | multiplier |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Planning primary CPU utilization | 0.7 | fraction |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Resident state reserved in RAM | 0.1 | fraction |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Planning disk utilization | 0.8 | fraction |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Maintenance and log disk reserve | 20 | GiB |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Staging database CPU unit-price guess | 0.0413 | USD/vCPU-hour |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Staging database RAM unit-price guess | 0.007 | USD/GiB-hour |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Staging database disk unit-price guess | 0.17 | USD/GiB-month |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Dependent object sink storage price guess | 0.023 | USD/GiB-month |
| PostgreSQL Flexible Server (two copies) | Dependent object sink write price guess | 0.000005 | USD/write |

* Source compute and stored data remain independent; a throughput view needs explicit workload inputs. Editable authored planning guesses, not verified provider tariffs, benchmark measurements or a commercial quote. Other native meters retain their explicitly displayed default quantities.
* Planning estimate · editable authored rates and sizing assumptions dated 2026-10-22; not verified provider prices. us-central1 → eastus, USD/month.
* Source prices are reference charges, not an invoice. Target lines cover selected service usage/configuration only; adapter hosting and Tensor9 fees are excluded.
* Explicit tariff samples are not performance measurements or capacity qualification. No interpolation or break-even guarantee is implied.
* Variant assumptions show the first axis sample; any axis-dependent configuration is described by this curve's workload note.
* Rates are cited provider list prices, editable for discounts, commitments or another region. Workload translation and capacity coefficients remain editable planning assumptions, not benchmark measurements or a commercial quote.
* Default-zero rates are explicit assumptions, not evidence that the deployed service or resource is free.
* Provisioned-unit minimums use an editable approximate allocation floor. Modeled target service cost is max(usage/allocation, minimum), with billable network, durable staging and dependent sinks added separately; actual RU/TU sizing, scaling increments and throughput remain unqualified.
* Durable staging is priced once: provisioned targets include adapter state in their selected allocation; native targets add a separate staging allocation when required. Adapter hosting is a separate allocation and must exclude resources already priced as staging, workers or target capacity.
* A declared adapter mapping and cost model do not establish implementation availability or service equivalence.
* This exact directed mapping has a design profile. Cost modeling does not establish an implemented or deployable adapter.
* Authored planning assumptions, not measured adapter capacity. Origin rates are cited first-tier list prices, before free allowances and discounts.
* A cost scenario does not establish backend availability, protocol fidelity or production readiness. Registry serving status remains independent.
* Provisioned compute and RAM are priced by resource-hour; operations are independently authored. Database size cannot be inferred from dollars alone.
* Aurora/AlloyDB, MySQL/PostgreSQL and proxied targets retain their distinct backend contracts. HA, replicas and proxy allocations must be selected explicitly.
* Cloud SQL bills vCPU and memory separately, so both meters cite list prices.
* Azure Database for PostgreSQL Flexible Server bills vCores with a fixed memory ratio per series; the vCPU and memory rates decompose the General Purpose and Memory Optimized v5 prices. High availability bills the standby's compute and storage as a second copy. The minimum is the smallest Burstable server, which does not support high availability; the smallest General Purpose server (2 vCores) costs USD 133.62 per month. Additional IOPS, backup storage and reserved capacity are not selected.
* Row-store throughput (capacityOpsPerVcpuSecond, default 1500) is measured-by-tensor9 as a lower bound: the DynamoDB adapter on Cloud SQL db-custom-2-7680 (2 vCPU, PostgreSQL 16, us-west1) served 2,974 ops/s of YCSB-A at 16 threads without recorded saturation (src/main/kotlin/t9/prime/equiv/generated/eval/CloudsqlPostgresqlYcsbAT16GoYcsbV1\_0\_0.kt). Published CPU-bound pgbench reaches 3,101 read-write transactions and 20,289 point reads per vCPU-second (AWS z1d.2xlarge, PostgreSQL 14.5), so actual capacity is likely higher. Reads and writes share one coefficient: at the same adapter version, read-only YCSB-C was not faster than 50%-update YCSB-A.
* Log-broker throughput (capacityStreamMiBPerVcpuSecond 20 at 0.5 utilization, 4 GiB RAM per vCPU) is provider-documented by Google Managed Service for Apache Kafka sizing ([https://docs.cloud.google.com/managed-service-for-apache-kafka/docs/plan-cluster-size](https://docs.cloud.google.com/managed-service-for-apache-kafka/docs/plan-cluster-size)): write-equivalent bytes are replicated writes plus a quarter of reads. Producer batches below 10 KB lower per-CPU throughput; that penalty is not modeled.
* Disk utilization 0.8 is provider-documented headroom below Cloud SQL automatic storage increase, which triggers near 91-95% full ([https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/instance-settings](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/instance-settings)). The 20 GiB reserve exceeds PostgreSQL's 1 GB default max\_wal\_size; the remainder of that reserve is unmeasured.
* CPU tiers, 4 GiB per vCPU, at most 6.5 GiB per vCPU, 96 vCPU and 65,536 GiB disk follow Cloud SQL Enterprise custom machine limits (provider-documented, same page); 624 GiB is 96 × 6.5. Targets billed per node, unit or throughput unit are sized by their backend instead.
* No public evidence: peak/mean work (2) and the RAM working-set fraction (0.1). Proposed measurements: the p99 one-minute rate over the monthly mean from customer CloudWatch metrics; the buffer hit ratio while stepping RAM under a fixed YCSB-B load.
* Stored GiB already includes the origin family's physical footprint assumptions; no second storage amplification is applied.
* The workload family already selected resource-hours; the throughput coefficient is not applied again.
* Copies and allocation fractions change cost only; they do not increase modeled primary capacity.
* Cloud SQL pricing: [https://cloud.google.com/sql/pricing](https://cloud.google.com/sql/pricing)
* Azure Retail Prices API: [https://prices.azure.com/api/retail/prices](https://prices.azure.com/api/retail/prices)

Cost scope: Modeled target native service and explicitly modeled state allocation; hosting and Tensor9 fees only when supplied.

Excluded costs and workload features:

* Additional network transfer, backups, KMS, one-time migration and operational labor unless an explicit meter includes them.
* Destination application execution and separately billed downstream services; supply those allocations separately.
* Aurora per-IO, serverless-capacity, backup and proxy tariffs; reserved/committed-use purchase options.
* Taxes, discounts, credits and free-tier allowances unless explicitly reflected in edited rates.
* Unmodeled dependent services, task execution and operations outside the selected workload family.

List prices read: 2026-10-22. Model: `plan-a5e8eb019a82720c35fc042f7bc4318adfca4fc3` / `2026-10-22.planning.2`. Curve: `workload-3`.

Sources: [Cloud SQL pricing](https://cloud.google.com/sql/pricing), [Azure Retail Prices API](https://prices.azure.com/api/retail/prices).

## Google Cloud SQL PostgreSQL → RDS PostgreSQL

Origin API: `google::1.0.0::cloudsql::postgresql`. Target backend: `aws::1.0.0::rds::postgresql`.

**Designed mapping.** This cost model describes an intended adapter. Its estimated price does not establish a delivered or selectable backend.

### Google Cloud SQL PostgreSQL · Primary allocated compute

Estimated monthly service charges by Primary allocated compute. Adapter hosting and Tensor9 fees are excluded. Source: us-central1; target: us-east-1; currency: USD.

![Google Cloud SQL PostgreSQL · Primary allocated compute: monthly service charges by Primary allocated compute. Exact values are in the following table.](/images/diagrams/service-cost/f60a1f097d4ce338022b92064f31641dc48b61939cfef85673ee7e6400c85f3e-light.svg)

![Google Cloud SQL PostgreSQL · Primary allocated compute: monthly service charges by Primary allocated compute. Exact values are in the following table.](/images/diagrams/service-cost/e9113a456be49a62e9f95b5afa0cd3a3fd38ca0253aaf97c4fe9ea703d9fd98a-dark.svg)

Comparison pills describe all sampled scale points; card amounts show the named workload. Costs The Same means within 20% at every point. Costs Depend includes mixed results and unpriced samples.

Exact sampled model outputs in USD/month. Difference means target minus origin; a positive difference means the target costs more.
Estimated allocation from planning assumptions; not benchmark calibrated. Lines connect evaluated samples; intermediate capacity and prices are not inferred. Unpriced means no target quote or cost difference is available within the sizing policy.

| Primary allocated compute (vCPU-hours/month) | Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL | Target scenario | RDS PostgreSQL | Difference |
| -: | -: | - | -: | -: |
| 0 | 0 | RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | 141.44 | 141.44 |
| 0 | 0 | RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | 282.88 | 282.88 |
| 1460 | 60.298 | RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | 141.44 | 81.142 |
| 1460 | 60.298 | RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | 282.88 | 222.582 |
| 2920 | 120.596 | RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | 271.38 | 150.784 |
| 2920 | 120.596 | RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | 542.76 | 422.164 |
| 5840 | 241.192 | RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | 531.26 | 290.068 |
| 5840 | 241.192 | RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | 1062.52 | 821.328 |
| 11680 | 482.384 | RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | 1051.02 | 568.636 |
| 11680 | 482.384 | RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | 2102.04 | 1619.656 |
| 23360 | 964.768 | RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | 2090.54 | 1125.772 |
| 23360 | 964.768 | RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | 4181.08 | 3216.312 |
| 46720 | 1929.536 | RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | 4169.58 | 2240.044 |
| 46720 | 1929.536 | RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | 8339.16 | 6409.624 |

**Estimated allocation from planning assumptions; not benchmark calibrated.**

The sizing policy grows compute with translated work and peak headroom, memory with compute and working set, and disk with resident working state and reserve. Monthly usage is distinct from resident data; each workload's assumptions define the translation. HA changes pricing, not this policy's throughput estimate. Unpriced workloads exceed the policy's configuration range; no silent vertical cap or automatic sharding is assumed.

| Sample / scenario | Basis | Mean / peak work/s | Required vCPU | Allocated vCPU | Memory GiB | SSD GiB | Resident GiB | Policy | Constraints |
| - | - | -: | -: | -: | -: | -: | -: | - | - |
| 0 vCPU-hours/month / RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | PlanningAssumption | 0 / 0 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 100 | 0 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |
| 0 vCPU-hours/month / RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | PlanningAssumption | 0 / 0 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 100 | 0 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |
| 1460 vCPU-hours/month / RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | PlanningAssumption | 0 / 0 | 2 | 2 | 8 | 100 | 0 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |
| 1460 vCPU-hours/month / RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | PlanningAssumption | 0 / 0 | 2 | 2 | 8 | 100 | 0 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |
| 2920 vCPU-hours/month / RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | PlanningAssumption | 0 / 0 | 4 | 4 | 16 | 100 | 0 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |
| 2920 vCPU-hours/month / RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | PlanningAssumption | 0 / 0 | 4 | 4 | 16 | 100 | 0 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |
| 5840 vCPU-hours/month / RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | PlanningAssumption | 0 / 0 | 8 | 8 | 32 | 100 | 0 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |
| 5840 vCPU-hours/month / RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | PlanningAssumption | 0 / 0 | 8 | 8 | 32 | 100 | 0 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |
| 11680 vCPU-hours/month / RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | PlanningAssumption | 0 / 0 | 16 | 16 | 64 | 100 | 0 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |
| 11680 vCPU-hours/month / RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | PlanningAssumption | 0 / 0 | 16 | 16 | 64 | 100 | 0 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |
| 23360 vCPU-hours/month / RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | PlanningAssumption | 0 / 0 | 32 | 32 | 128 | 100 | 0 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |
| 23360 vCPU-hours/month / RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | PlanningAssumption | 0 / 0 | 32 | 32 | 128 | 100 | 0 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |
| 46720 vCPU-hours/month / RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | PlanningAssumption | 0 / 0 | 64 | 64 | 256 | 100 | 0 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |
| 46720 vCPU-hours/month / RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | PlanningAssumption | 0 / 0 | 64 | 64 | 256 | 100 | 0 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |

* Row-store throughput (capacityOpsPerVcpuSecond, default 1500) is measured-by-tensor9 as a lower bound: the DynamoDB adapter on Cloud SQL db-custom-2-7680 (2 vCPU, PostgreSQL 16, us-west1) served 2,974 ops/s of YCSB-A at 16 threads without recorded saturation (src/main/kotlin/t9/prime/equiv/generated/eval/CloudsqlPostgresqlYcsbAT16GoYcsbV1\_0\_0.kt). Published CPU-bound pgbench reaches 3,101 read-write transactions and 20,289 point reads per vCPU-second (AWS z1d.2xlarge, PostgreSQL 14.5), so actual capacity is likely higher. Reads and writes share one coefficient: at the same adapter version, read-only YCSB-C was not faster than 50%-update YCSB-A.
* Log-broker throughput (capacityStreamMiBPerVcpuSecond 20 at 0.5 utilization, 4 GiB RAM per vCPU) is provider-documented by Google Managed Service for Apache Kafka sizing ([https://docs.cloud.google.com/managed-service-for-apache-kafka/docs/plan-cluster-size](https://docs.cloud.google.com/managed-service-for-apache-kafka/docs/plan-cluster-size)): write-equivalent bytes are replicated writes plus a quarter of reads. Producer batches below 10 KB lower per-CPU throughput; that penalty is not modeled.
* Disk utilization 0.8 is provider-documented headroom below Cloud SQL automatic storage increase, which triggers near 91-95% full ([https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/instance-settings](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/instance-settings)). The 20 GiB reserve exceeds PostgreSQL's 1 GB default max\_wal\_size; the remainder of that reserve is unmeasured.
* CPU tiers, 4 GiB per vCPU, at most 6.5 GiB per vCPU, 96 vCPU and 65,536 GiB disk follow Cloud SQL Enterprise custom machine limits (provider-documented, same page); 624 GiB is 96 × 6.5. Targets billed per node, unit or throughput unit are sized by their backend instead.
* No public evidence: peak/mean work (2) and the RAM working-set fraction (0.1). Proposed measurements: the p99 one-minute rate over the monthly mean from customer CloudWatch metrics; the buffer hit ratio while stepping RAM under a fixed YCSB-B load.
* Stored GiB already includes the origin family's physical footprint assumptions; no second storage amplification is applied.
* The workload family already selected resource-hours; the throughput coefficient is not applied again.
* Copies and allocation fractions change cost only; they do not increase modeled primary capacity.

**Curve assumptions**

| Target scenario | Assumption | Value | Unit |
| - | - | -: | - |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Origin list price · Primary compute | 0.0413 | USD/vCPU-hours |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Origin list price · Primary memory | 0.007 | USD/GiB-hours |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Origin list price · Primary provisioned storage | 0.17 | USD/GiB-month |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Origin list price · Database reads | 0 | USD/operations |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Origin list price · Database writes | 0 | USD/operations |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Target CPU / source CPU | 1 | multiplier |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Target RAM / source RAM | 1 | multiplier |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Target disk / source disk | 1 | multiplier |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Target price guess · read | 0 | USD/read |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Target price guess · write | 0 | USD/write |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Target price guess · provider operation | 0 | USD/provider operation |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Target list price · GiB-month | 0.115 | USD/GiB-month |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Target price guess · published GiB | 0 | USD/published GiB |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Target price guess · delivered GiB | 0 | USD/delivered GiB |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Target list price · network GiB | 0.09 | USD/network GiB |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Target price guess · replica GiB-month | 0 | USD/replica GiB-month |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Target list price · vCPU-hour | 0.053 | USD/vCPU-hour |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Target list price · GiB-hour | 0.009 | USD/GiB-hour |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Target price guess · resource-hour | 0 | USD/resource-hour |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Target price guess · resource-month | 0 | USD/resource-month |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Target price guess · input token | 0 | USD/input token |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Target price guess · output token | 0 | USD/output token |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Target monthly base charge | 0 | USD/month |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Target service minimum | 13.98 | USD/month |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Minimum primary CPU | 2 | vCPU |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Minimum primary RAM | 8 | GiB |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Minimum primary disk | 100 | GiB |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Additional full-price standby copy | 0 | 0 or 1 |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Allocated share of provisioned cost | 1 | fraction |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Read/write work per vCPU-second | 1500 | operations/vCPU-second |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Planning peak / mean work | 2 | multiplier |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Planning primary CPU utilization | 0.7 | fraction |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Resident state reserved in RAM | 0.1 | fraction |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Planning disk utilization | 0.8 | fraction |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Maintenance and log disk reserve | 20 | GiB |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Staging database CPU unit-price guess | 0.0413 | USD/vCPU-hour |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Staging database RAM unit-price guess | 0.007 | USD/GiB-hour |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Staging database disk unit-price guess | 0.17 | USD/GiB-month |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Dependent object sink storage price guess | 0.023 | USD/GiB-month |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Dependent object sink write price guess | 0.000005 | USD/write |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Origin list price · Primary compute | 0.0413 | USD/vCPU-hours |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Origin list price · Primary memory | 0.007 | USD/GiB-hours |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Origin list price · Primary provisioned storage | 0.17 | USD/GiB-month |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Origin list price · Database reads | 0 | USD/operations |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Origin list price · Database writes | 0 | USD/operations |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Target CPU / source CPU | 1 | multiplier |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Target RAM / source RAM | 1 | multiplier |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Target disk / source disk | 1 | multiplier |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Target price guess · read | 0 | USD/read |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Target price guess · write | 0 | USD/write |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Target price guess · provider operation | 0 | USD/provider operation |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Target list price · GiB-month | 0.115 | USD/GiB-month |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Target price guess · published GiB | 0 | USD/published GiB |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Target price guess · delivered GiB | 0 | USD/delivered GiB |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Target list price · network GiB | 0.09 | USD/network GiB |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Target price guess · replica GiB-month | 0 | USD/replica GiB-month |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Target list price · vCPU-hour | 0.053 | USD/vCPU-hour |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Target list price · GiB-hour | 0.009 | USD/GiB-hour |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Target price guess · resource-hour | 0 | USD/resource-hour |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Target price guess · resource-month | 0 | USD/resource-month |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Target price guess · input token | 0 | USD/input token |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Target price guess · output token | 0 | USD/output token |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Target monthly base charge | 0 | USD/month |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Target service minimum | 13.98 | USD/month |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Minimum primary CPU | 2 | vCPU |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Minimum primary RAM | 8 | GiB |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Minimum primary disk | 100 | GiB |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Additional full-price standby copy | 1 | 0 or 1 |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Allocated share of provisioned cost | 1 | fraction |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Read/write work per vCPU-second | 1500 | operations/vCPU-second |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Planning peak / mean work | 2 | multiplier |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Planning primary CPU utilization | 0.7 | fraction |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Resident state reserved in RAM | 0.1 | fraction |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Planning disk utilization | 0.8 | fraction |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Maintenance and log disk reserve | 20 | GiB |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Staging database CPU unit-price guess | 0.0413 | USD/vCPU-hour |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Staging database RAM unit-price guess | 0.007 | USD/GiB-hour |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Staging database disk unit-price guess | 0.17 | USD/GiB-month |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Dependent object sink storage price guess | 0.023 | USD/GiB-month |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Dependent object sink write price guess | 0.000005 | USD/write |

* CPU allocation does not imply an achieved transaction rate. Editable authored planning guesses, not verified provider tariffs, benchmark measurements or a commercial quote. Other native meters retain their explicitly displayed default quantities.
* Planning estimate · editable authored rates and sizing assumptions dated 2026-10-22; not verified provider prices. us-central1 → us-east-1, USD/month.
* Source prices are reference charges, not an invoice. Target lines cover selected service usage/configuration only; adapter hosting and Tensor9 fees are excluded.
* Explicit tariff samples are not performance measurements or capacity qualification. No interpolation or break-even guarantee is implied.
* Variant assumptions show the first axis sample; any axis-dependent configuration is described by this curve's workload note.
* Rates are cited provider list prices, editable for discounts, commitments or another region. Workload translation and capacity coefficients remain editable planning assumptions, not benchmark measurements or a commercial quote.
* Default-zero rates are explicit assumptions, not evidence that the deployed service or resource is free.
* Provisioned-unit minimums use an editable approximate allocation floor. Modeled target service cost is max(usage/allocation, minimum), with billable network, durable staging and dependent sinks added separately; actual RU/TU sizing, scaling increments and throughput remain unqualified.
* Durable staging is priced once: provisioned targets include adapter state in their selected allocation; native targets add a separate staging allocation when required. Adapter hosting is a separate allocation and must exclude resources already priced as staging, workers or target capacity.
* A declared adapter mapping and cost model do not establish implementation availability or service equivalence.
* This exact directed mapping has a design profile. Cost modeling does not establish an implemented or deployable adapter.
* Authored planning assumptions, not measured adapter capacity. Origin rates are cited first-tier list prices, before free allowances and discounts.
* A cost scenario does not establish backend availability, protocol fidelity or production readiness. Registry serving status remains independent.
* Provisioned compute and RAM are priced by resource-hour; operations are independently authored. Database size cannot be inferred from dollars alone.
* Aurora/AlloyDB, MySQL/PostgreSQL and proxied targets retain their distinct backend contracts. HA, replicas and proxy allocations must be selected explicitly.
* Cloud SQL bills vCPU and memory separately, so both meters cite list prices.
* RDS for PostgreSQL on db.m6i, the class the RDS reference model uses: vCPU and memory rates decompose two same-vCPU instances that differ only in memory. Multi-AZ with one standby bills exactly twice the instance and gp3 storage, which the standby copy reproduces. gp3 includes 3,000 IOPS and 125 MiB/s below 400 GiB; provisioned IOPS (USD 0.02 per IOPS-month), throughput (0.08 per MiBps-month), Graviton classes (db.m7g/r7g decompose to 0.0485 per vCPU-hour and 0.008875 per GiB-hour) and reserved instances are not selected.
* Row-store throughput (capacityOpsPerVcpuSecond, default 1500) is measured-by-tensor9 as a lower bound: the DynamoDB adapter on Cloud SQL db-custom-2-7680 (2 vCPU, PostgreSQL 16, us-west1) served 2,974 ops/s of YCSB-A at 16 threads without recorded saturation (src/main/kotlin/t9/prime/equiv/generated/eval/CloudsqlPostgresqlYcsbAT16GoYcsbV1\_0\_0.kt). Published CPU-bound pgbench reaches 3,101 read-write transactions and 20,289 point reads per vCPU-second (AWS z1d.2xlarge, PostgreSQL 14.5), so actual capacity is likely higher. Reads and writes share one coefficient: at the same adapter version, read-only YCSB-C was not faster than 50%-update YCSB-A.
* Log-broker throughput (capacityStreamMiBPerVcpuSecond 20 at 0.5 utilization, 4 GiB RAM per vCPU) is provider-documented by Google Managed Service for Apache Kafka sizing ([https://docs.cloud.google.com/managed-service-for-apache-kafka/docs/plan-cluster-size](https://docs.cloud.google.com/managed-service-for-apache-kafka/docs/plan-cluster-size)): write-equivalent bytes are replicated writes plus a quarter of reads. Producer batches below 10 KB lower per-CPU throughput; that penalty is not modeled.
* Disk utilization 0.8 is provider-documented headroom below Cloud SQL automatic storage increase, which triggers near 91-95% full ([https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/instance-settings](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/instance-settings)). The 20 GiB reserve exceeds PostgreSQL's 1 GB default max\_wal\_size; the remainder of that reserve is unmeasured.
* CPU tiers, 4 GiB per vCPU, at most 6.5 GiB per vCPU, 96 vCPU and 65,536 GiB disk follow Cloud SQL Enterprise custom machine limits (provider-documented, same page); 624 GiB is 96 × 6.5. Targets billed per node, unit or throughput unit are sized by their backend instead.
* No public evidence: peak/mean work (2) and the RAM working-set fraction (0.1). Proposed measurements: the p99 one-minute rate over the monthly mean from customer CloudWatch metrics; the buffer hit ratio while stepping RAM under a fixed YCSB-B load.
* Stored GiB already includes the origin family's physical footprint assumptions; no second storage amplification is applied.
* The workload family already selected resource-hours; the throughput coefficient is not applied again.
* Copies and allocation fractions change cost only; they do not increase modeled primary capacity.
* Cloud SQL pricing: [https://cloud.google.com/sql/pricing](https://cloud.google.com/sql/pricing)
* AWS Price List API: [https://pricing.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/offers/v1.0/aws/AmazonRDS/current/us-east-1/index.json](https://pricing.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/offers/v1.0/aws/AmazonRDS/current/us-east-1/index.json)
* AWS Price List API, AWSDataTransfer: [https://pricing.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/offers/v1.0/aws/AWSDataTransfer/current/us-east-1/index.json](https://pricing.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/offers/v1.0/aws/AWSDataTransfer/current/us-east-1/index.json)

Cost scope: Modeled target native service and explicitly modeled state allocation; hosting and Tensor9 fees only when supplied.

Excluded costs and workload features:

* Additional network transfer, backups, KMS, one-time migration and operational labor unless an explicit meter includes them.
* Destination application execution and separately billed downstream services; supply those allocations separately.
* Aurora per-IO, serverless-capacity, backup and proxy tariffs; reserved/committed-use purchase options.
* Taxes, discounts, credits and free-tier allowances unless explicitly reflected in edited rates.
* Unmodeled dependent services, task execution and operations outside the selected workload family.

List prices read: 2026-10-22. Model: `plan-b72c2bfd6d2ff100706a461705fad8366f46d1bd` / `2026-10-22.planning.2`. Curve: `workload-1`.

Sources: [Cloud SQL pricing](https://cloud.google.com/sql/pricing), [AWS Price List API](https://pricing.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/offers/v1.0/aws/AmazonRDS/current/us-east-1/index.json), [AWS Price List API, AWSDataTransfer](https://pricing.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/offers/v1.0/aws/AWSDataTransfer/current/us-east-1/index.json).

### Google Cloud SQL PostgreSQL · Stored data

Estimated monthly service charges by Stored data. Adapter hosting and Tensor9 fees are excluded. Source: us-central1; target: us-east-1; currency: USD.

![Google Cloud SQL PostgreSQL · Stored data: monthly service charges by Stored data. Exact values are in the following table.](/images/diagrams/service-cost/6c1bf6f368a17d9a912550cf7643f466f4c734e89af120745c0175bf616851b3-light.svg)

![Google Cloud SQL PostgreSQL · Stored data: monthly service charges by Stored data. Exact values are in the following table.](/images/diagrams/service-cost/2b5ecf7404833e44da1a746570f71d33a2d880f3f84918feb2eea4197cb60bdc-dark.svg)

Comparison pills describe all sampled scale points; card amounts show the named workload. Costs The Same means within 20% at every point. Costs Depend includes mixed results and unpriced samples.

Exact sampled model outputs in USD/month. Difference means target minus origin; a positive difference means the target costs more.
Estimated allocation from planning assumptions; not benchmark calibrated. Lines connect evaluated samples; intermediate capacity and prices are not inferred. Unpriced means no target quote or cost difference is available within the sizing policy.

| Stored data (GiB-month) | Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL | Target scenario | RDS PostgreSQL | Difference |
| -: | -: | - | -: | -: |
| 0 | 0 | RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | 141.44 | 141.44 |
| 0 | 0 | RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | 282.88 | 282.88 |
| 10 | 1.7 | RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | 141.44 | 139.74 |
| 10 | 1.7 | RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | 282.88 | 281.18 |
| 100 | 17 | RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | 160.33 | 143.33 |
| 100 | 17 | RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | 320.66 | 303.66 |
| 1000 | 170 | RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | 1422.665 | 1252.665 |
| 1000 | 170 | RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | 2845.33 | 2675.33 |
| 10000 | 1700 | RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Unpriced | Unavailable |
| 10000 | 1700 | RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Unpriced | Unavailable |
| 100000 | 17000 | RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Unpriced | Unavailable |
| 100000 | 17000 | RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Unpriced | Unavailable |

**Estimated allocation from planning assumptions; not benchmark calibrated.**

The sizing policy grows compute with translated work and peak headroom, memory with compute and working set, and disk with resident working state and reserve. Monthly usage is distinct from resident data; each workload's assumptions define the translation. HA changes pricing, not this policy's throughput estimate. Unpriced workloads exceed the policy's configuration range; no silent vertical cap or automatic sharding is assumed.

| Sample / scenario | Basis | Mean / peak work/s | Required vCPU | Allocated vCPU | Memory GiB | SSD GiB | Resident GiB | Policy | Constraints |
| - | - | -: | -: | -: | -: | -: | -: | - | - |
| 0 GiB-month / RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | PlanningAssumption | 0 / 0 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 100 | 0 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |
| 0 GiB-month / RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | PlanningAssumption | 0 / 0 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 100 | 0 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |
| 10 GiB-month / RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | PlanningAssumption | 0 / 0 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 100 | 10 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |
| 10 GiB-month / RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | PlanningAssumption | 0 / 0 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 100 | 10 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |
| 100 GiB-month / RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | PlanningAssumption | 0 / 0 | 0 | 2 | 10 | 150 | 100 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |
| 100 GiB-month / RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | PlanningAssumption | 0 / 0 | 0 | 2 | 10 | 150 | 100 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |
| 1000 GiB-month / RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | PlanningAssumption | 0 / 0 | 0 | 16 | 100 | 1275 | 1000 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |
| 1000 GiB-month / RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | PlanningAssumption | 0 / 0 | 0 | 16 | 100 | 1275 | 1000 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |
| 10000 GiB-month / RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Unpriced | 0 / 0 | 0 | Unpriced | Unpriced | Unpriced | 10000 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | Demand exceeds the planning model's joint CPU/RAM allocation bounds (96 vCPU, 624 GiB RAM). |
| 10000 GiB-month / RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Unpriced | 0 / 0 | 0 | Unpriced | Unpriced | Unpriced | 10000 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | Demand exceeds the planning model's joint CPU/RAM allocation bounds (96 vCPU, 624 GiB RAM). |
| 100000 GiB-month / RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Unpriced | 0 / 0 | 0 | Unpriced | Unpriced | Unpriced | 100000 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | Demand exceeds the planning model's joint CPU/RAM allocation bounds (96 vCPU, 624 GiB RAM).; Required disk exceeds the planning model's 65,536 GiB bound. |
| 100000 GiB-month / RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Unpriced | 0 / 0 | 0 | Unpriced | Unpriced | Unpriced | 100000 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | Demand exceeds the planning model's joint CPU/RAM allocation bounds (96 vCPU, 624 GiB RAM).; Required disk exceeds the planning model's 65,536 GiB bound. |

* Row-store throughput (capacityOpsPerVcpuSecond, default 1500) is measured-by-tensor9 as a lower bound: the DynamoDB adapter on Cloud SQL db-custom-2-7680 (2 vCPU, PostgreSQL 16, us-west1) served 2,974 ops/s of YCSB-A at 16 threads without recorded saturation (src/main/kotlin/t9/prime/equiv/generated/eval/CloudsqlPostgresqlYcsbAT16GoYcsbV1\_0\_0.kt). Published CPU-bound pgbench reaches 3,101 read-write transactions and 20,289 point reads per vCPU-second (AWS z1d.2xlarge, PostgreSQL 14.5), so actual capacity is likely higher. Reads and writes share one coefficient: at the same adapter version, read-only YCSB-C was not faster than 50%-update YCSB-A.
* Log-broker throughput (capacityStreamMiBPerVcpuSecond 20 at 0.5 utilization, 4 GiB RAM per vCPU) is provider-documented by Google Managed Service for Apache Kafka sizing ([https://docs.cloud.google.com/managed-service-for-apache-kafka/docs/plan-cluster-size](https://docs.cloud.google.com/managed-service-for-apache-kafka/docs/plan-cluster-size)): write-equivalent bytes are replicated writes plus a quarter of reads. Producer batches below 10 KB lower per-CPU throughput; that penalty is not modeled.
* Disk utilization 0.8 is provider-documented headroom below Cloud SQL automatic storage increase, which triggers near 91-95% full ([https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/instance-settings](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/instance-settings)). The 20 GiB reserve exceeds PostgreSQL's 1 GB default max\_wal\_size; the remainder of that reserve is unmeasured.
* CPU tiers, 4 GiB per vCPU, at most 6.5 GiB per vCPU, 96 vCPU and 65,536 GiB disk follow Cloud SQL Enterprise custom machine limits (provider-documented, same page); 624 GiB is 96 × 6.5. Targets billed per node, unit or throughput unit are sized by their backend instead.
* No public evidence: peak/mean work (2) and the RAM working-set fraction (0.1). Proposed measurements: the p99 one-minute rate over the monthly mean from customer CloudWatch metrics; the buffer hit ratio while stepping RAM under a fixed YCSB-B load.
* Stored GiB already includes the origin family's physical footprint assumptions; no second storage amplification is applied.
* The workload family already selected resource-hours; the throughput coefficient is not applied again.
* Copies and allocation fractions change cost only; they do not increase modeled primary capacity.

**Curve assumptions**

| Target scenario | Assumption | Value | Unit |
| - | - | -: | - |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Origin list price · Primary compute | 0.0413 | USD/vCPU-hours |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Origin list price · Primary memory | 0.007 | USD/GiB-hours |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Origin list price · Primary provisioned storage | 0.17 | USD/GiB-month |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Origin list price · Database reads | 0 | USD/operations |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Origin list price · Database writes | 0 | USD/operations |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Target CPU / source CPU | 1 | multiplier |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Target RAM / source RAM | 1 | multiplier |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Target disk / source disk | 1 | multiplier |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Target price guess · read | 0 | USD/read |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Target price guess · write | 0 | USD/write |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Target price guess · provider operation | 0 | USD/provider operation |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Target list price · GiB-month | 0.115 | USD/GiB-month |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Target price guess · published GiB | 0 | USD/published GiB |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Target price guess · delivered GiB | 0 | USD/delivered GiB |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Target list price · network GiB | 0.09 | USD/network GiB |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Target price guess · replica GiB-month | 0 | USD/replica GiB-month |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Target list price · vCPU-hour | 0.053 | USD/vCPU-hour |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Target list price · GiB-hour | 0.009 | USD/GiB-hour |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Target price guess · resource-hour | 0 | USD/resource-hour |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Target price guess · resource-month | 0 | USD/resource-month |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Target price guess · input token | 0 | USD/input token |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Target price guess · output token | 0 | USD/output token |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Target monthly base charge | 0 | USD/month |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Target service minimum | 13.98 | USD/month |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Minimum primary CPU | 2 | vCPU |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Minimum primary RAM | 8 | GiB |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Minimum primary disk | 100 | GiB |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Additional full-price standby copy | 0 | 0 or 1 |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Allocated share of provisioned cost | 1 | fraction |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Read/write work per vCPU-second | 1500 | operations/vCPU-second |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Planning peak / mean work | 2 | multiplier |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Planning primary CPU utilization | 0.7 | fraction |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Resident state reserved in RAM | 0.1 | fraction |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Planning disk utilization | 0.8 | fraction |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Maintenance and log disk reserve | 20 | GiB |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Staging database CPU unit-price guess | 0.0413 | USD/vCPU-hour |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Staging database RAM unit-price guess | 0.007 | USD/GiB-hour |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Staging database disk unit-price guess | 0.17 | USD/GiB-month |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Dependent object sink storage price guess | 0.023 | USD/GiB-month |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Dependent object sink write price guess | 0.000005 | USD/write |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Origin list price · Primary compute | 0.0413 | USD/vCPU-hours |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Origin list price · Primary memory | 0.007 | USD/GiB-hours |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Origin list price · Primary provisioned storage | 0.17 | USD/GiB-month |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Origin list price · Database reads | 0 | USD/operations |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Origin list price · Database writes | 0 | USD/operations |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Target CPU / source CPU | 1 | multiplier |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Target RAM / source RAM | 1 | multiplier |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Target disk / source disk | 1 | multiplier |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Target price guess · read | 0 | USD/read |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Target price guess · write | 0 | USD/write |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Target price guess · provider operation | 0 | USD/provider operation |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Target list price · GiB-month | 0.115 | USD/GiB-month |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Target price guess · published GiB | 0 | USD/published GiB |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Target price guess · delivered GiB | 0 | USD/delivered GiB |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Target list price · network GiB | 0.09 | USD/network GiB |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Target price guess · replica GiB-month | 0 | USD/replica GiB-month |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Target list price · vCPU-hour | 0.053 | USD/vCPU-hour |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Target list price · GiB-hour | 0.009 | USD/GiB-hour |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Target price guess · resource-hour | 0 | USD/resource-hour |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Target price guess · resource-month | 0 | USD/resource-month |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Target price guess · input token | 0 | USD/input token |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Target price guess · output token | 0 | USD/output token |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Target monthly base charge | 0 | USD/month |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Target service minimum | 13.98 | USD/month |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Minimum primary CPU | 2 | vCPU |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Minimum primary RAM | 8 | GiB |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Minimum primary disk | 100 | GiB |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Additional full-price standby copy | 1 | 0 or 1 |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Allocated share of provisioned cost | 1 | fraction |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Read/write work per vCPU-second | 1500 | operations/vCPU-second |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Planning peak / mean work | 2 | multiplier |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Planning primary CPU utilization | 0.7 | fraction |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Resident state reserved in RAM | 0.1 | fraction |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Planning disk utilization | 0.8 | fraction |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Maintenance and log disk reserve | 20 | GiB |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Staging database CPU unit-price guess | 0.0413 | USD/vCPU-hour |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Staging database RAM unit-price guess | 0.007 | USD/GiB-hour |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Staging database disk unit-price guess | 0.17 | USD/GiB-month |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Dependent object sink storage price guess | 0.023 | USD/GiB-month |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Dependent object sink write price guess | 0.000005 | USD/write |

* Request meters remain at their independently authored defaults. Editable authored planning guesses, not verified provider tariffs, benchmark measurements or a commercial quote. Other native meters retain their explicitly displayed default quantities.
* Planning estimate · editable authored rates and sizing assumptions dated 2026-10-22; not verified provider prices. us-central1 → us-east-1, USD/month.
* Source prices are reference charges, not an invoice. Target lines cover selected service usage/configuration only; adapter hosting and Tensor9 fees are excluded.
* Explicit tariff samples are not performance measurements or capacity qualification. No interpolation or break-even guarantee is implied.
* Variant assumptions show the first axis sample; any axis-dependent configuration is described by this curve's workload note.
* Rates are cited provider list prices, editable for discounts, commitments or another region. Workload translation and capacity coefficients remain editable planning assumptions, not benchmark measurements or a commercial quote.
* Default-zero rates are explicit assumptions, not evidence that the deployed service or resource is free.
* Provisioned-unit minimums use an editable approximate allocation floor. Modeled target service cost is max(usage/allocation, minimum), with billable network, durable staging and dependent sinks added separately; actual RU/TU sizing, scaling increments and throughput remain unqualified.
* Durable staging is priced once: provisioned targets include adapter state in their selected allocation; native targets add a separate staging allocation when required. Adapter hosting is a separate allocation and must exclude resources already priced as staging, workers or target capacity.
* A declared adapter mapping and cost model do not establish implementation availability or service equivalence.
* This exact directed mapping has a design profile. Cost modeling does not establish an implemented or deployable adapter.
* Authored planning assumptions, not measured adapter capacity. Origin rates are cited first-tier list prices, before free allowances and discounts.
* A cost scenario does not establish backend availability, protocol fidelity or production readiness. Registry serving status remains independent.
* Provisioned compute and RAM are priced by resource-hour; operations are independently authored. Database size cannot be inferred from dollars alone.
* Aurora/AlloyDB, MySQL/PostgreSQL and proxied targets retain their distinct backend contracts. HA, replicas and proxy allocations must be selected explicitly.
* Cloud SQL bills vCPU and memory separately, so both meters cite list prices.
* RDS for PostgreSQL on db.m6i, the class the RDS reference model uses: vCPU and memory rates decompose two same-vCPU instances that differ only in memory. Multi-AZ with one standby bills exactly twice the instance and gp3 storage, which the standby copy reproduces. gp3 includes 3,000 IOPS and 125 MiB/s below 400 GiB; provisioned IOPS (USD 0.02 per IOPS-month), throughput (0.08 per MiBps-month), Graviton classes (db.m7g/r7g decompose to 0.0485 per vCPU-hour and 0.008875 per GiB-hour) and reserved instances are not selected.
* Row-store throughput (capacityOpsPerVcpuSecond, default 1500) is measured-by-tensor9 as a lower bound: the DynamoDB adapter on Cloud SQL db-custom-2-7680 (2 vCPU, PostgreSQL 16, us-west1) served 2,974 ops/s of YCSB-A at 16 threads without recorded saturation (src/main/kotlin/t9/prime/equiv/generated/eval/CloudsqlPostgresqlYcsbAT16GoYcsbV1\_0\_0.kt). Published CPU-bound pgbench reaches 3,101 read-write transactions and 20,289 point reads per vCPU-second (AWS z1d.2xlarge, PostgreSQL 14.5), so actual capacity is likely higher. Reads and writes share one coefficient: at the same adapter version, read-only YCSB-C was not faster than 50%-update YCSB-A.
* Log-broker throughput (capacityStreamMiBPerVcpuSecond 20 at 0.5 utilization, 4 GiB RAM per vCPU) is provider-documented by Google Managed Service for Apache Kafka sizing ([https://docs.cloud.google.com/managed-service-for-apache-kafka/docs/plan-cluster-size](https://docs.cloud.google.com/managed-service-for-apache-kafka/docs/plan-cluster-size)): write-equivalent bytes are replicated writes plus a quarter of reads. Producer batches below 10 KB lower per-CPU throughput; that penalty is not modeled.
* Disk utilization 0.8 is provider-documented headroom below Cloud SQL automatic storage increase, which triggers near 91-95% full ([https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/instance-settings](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/instance-settings)). The 20 GiB reserve exceeds PostgreSQL's 1 GB default max\_wal\_size; the remainder of that reserve is unmeasured.
* CPU tiers, 4 GiB per vCPU, at most 6.5 GiB per vCPU, 96 vCPU and 65,536 GiB disk follow Cloud SQL Enterprise custom machine limits (provider-documented, same page); 624 GiB is 96 × 6.5. Targets billed per node, unit or throughput unit are sized by their backend instead.
* No public evidence: peak/mean work (2) and the RAM working-set fraction (0.1). Proposed measurements: the p99 one-minute rate over the monthly mean from customer CloudWatch metrics; the buffer hit ratio while stepping RAM under a fixed YCSB-B load.
* Stored GiB already includes the origin family's physical footprint assumptions; no second storage amplification is applied.
* The workload family already selected resource-hours; the throughput coefficient is not applied again.
* Copies and allocation fractions change cost only; they do not increase modeled primary capacity.
* Cloud SQL pricing: [https://cloud.google.com/sql/pricing](https://cloud.google.com/sql/pricing)
* AWS Price List API: [https://pricing.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/offers/v1.0/aws/AmazonRDS/current/us-east-1/index.json](https://pricing.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/offers/v1.0/aws/AmazonRDS/current/us-east-1/index.json)
* AWS Price List API, AWSDataTransfer: [https://pricing.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/offers/v1.0/aws/AWSDataTransfer/current/us-east-1/index.json](https://pricing.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/offers/v1.0/aws/AWSDataTransfer/current/us-east-1/index.json)

Cost scope: Modeled target native service and explicitly modeled state allocation; hosting and Tensor9 fees only when supplied.

Excluded costs and workload features:

* Additional network transfer, backups, KMS, one-time migration and operational labor unless an explicit meter includes them.
* Destination application execution and separately billed downstream services; supply those allocations separately.
* Aurora per-IO, serverless-capacity, backup and proxy tariffs; reserved/committed-use purchase options.
* Taxes, discounts, credits and free-tier allowances unless explicitly reflected in edited rates.
* Unmodeled dependent services, task execution and operations outside the selected workload family.

List prices read: 2026-10-22. Model: `plan-b72c2bfd6d2ff100706a461705fad8366f46d1bd` / `2026-10-22.planning.2`. Curve: `workload-2`.

Sources: [Cloud SQL pricing](https://cloud.google.com/sql/pricing), [AWS Price List API](https://pricing.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/offers/v1.0/aws/AmazonRDS/current/us-east-1/index.json), [AWS Price List API, AWSDataTransfer](https://pricing.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/offers/v1.0/aws/AWSDataTransfer/current/us-east-1/index.json).

### Google Cloud SQL PostgreSQL · Database writes

Estimated monthly service charges by Database writes. Adapter hosting and Tensor9 fees are excluded. Source: us-central1; target: us-east-1; currency: USD.

![Google Cloud SQL PostgreSQL · Database writes: monthly service charges by Database writes. Exact values are in the following table.](/images/diagrams/service-cost/2d256870db1cadb4a87769c67647fd9a17eb8c9a112517dec85f3e27152f77b7-light.svg)

![Google Cloud SQL PostgreSQL · Database writes: monthly service charges by Database writes. Exact values are in the following table.](/images/diagrams/service-cost/19ba888a71ead27e6d4b993732559e1086802884b37ca92b5145578840fa83f9-dark.svg)

Comparison pills describe all sampled scale points; card amounts show the named workload. Costs The Same means within 20% at every point. Costs Depend includes mixed results and unpriced samples.

Exact sampled model outputs in USD/month. Difference means target minus origin; a positive difference means the target costs more.
Estimated allocation from planning assumptions; not benchmark calibrated. Lines connect evaluated samples; intermediate capacity and prices are not inferred. Unpriced means no target quote or cost difference is available within the sizing policy.

| Database writes (per second) | Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL | Target scenario | RDS PostgreSQL | Difference |
| -: | -: | - | -: | -: |
| 0 | 0 | RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | 141.44 | 141.44 |
| 0 | 0 | RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | 282.88 | 282.88 |
| 1 | 0 | RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | 141.44 | 141.44 |
| 1 | 0 | RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | 282.88 | 282.88 |
| 10 | 0 | RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | 141.44 | 141.44 |
| 10 | 0 | RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | 282.88 | 282.88 |
| 100 | 0 | RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | 141.44 | 141.44 |
| 100 | 0 | RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | 282.88 | 282.88 |
| 1000 | 0 | RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | 141.44 | 141.44 |
| 1000 | 0 | RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | 282.88 | 282.88 |
| 10000 | 0 | RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | 141.44 | 141.44 |
| 10000 | 0 | RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | 282.88 | 282.88 |

**Estimated allocation from planning assumptions; not benchmark calibrated.**

The sizing policy grows compute with translated work and peak headroom, memory with compute and working set, and disk with resident working state and reserve. Monthly usage is distinct from resident data; each workload's assumptions define the translation. HA changes pricing, not this policy's throughput estimate. Unpriced workloads exceed the policy's configuration range; no silent vertical cap or automatic sharding is assumed.

| Sample / scenario | Basis | Mean / peak work/s | Required vCPU | Allocated vCPU | Memory GiB | SSD GiB | Resident GiB | Policy | Constraints |
| - | - | -: | -: | -: | -: | -: | -: | - | - |
| 0 per second / RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | PlanningAssumption | 0 / 0 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 100 | 0 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |
| 0 per second / RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | PlanningAssumption | 0 / 0 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 100 | 0 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |
| 1 per second / RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | PlanningAssumption | 1 / 2 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 100 | 0 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |
| 1 per second / RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | PlanningAssumption | 1 / 2 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 100 | 0 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |
| 10 per second / RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | PlanningAssumption | 10 / 20 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 100 | 0 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |
| 10 per second / RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | PlanningAssumption | 10 / 20 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 100 | 0 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |
| 100 per second / RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | PlanningAssumption | 100 / 200 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 100 | 0 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |
| 100 per second / RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | PlanningAssumption | 100 / 200 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 100 | 0 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |
| 1000 per second / RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | PlanningAssumption | 1000 / 2000 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 100 | 0 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |
| 1000 per second / RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | PlanningAssumption | 1000 / 2000 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 100 | 0 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |
| 10000 per second / RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | PlanningAssumption | 10000 / 20000 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 100 | 0 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |
| 10000 per second / RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | PlanningAssumption | 10000 / 20000 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 100 | 0 | `service-adapter-planning-2026-10-22.1` | None reported |

* Row-store throughput (capacityOpsPerVcpuSecond, default 1500) is measured-by-tensor9 as a lower bound: the DynamoDB adapter on Cloud SQL db-custom-2-7680 (2 vCPU, PostgreSQL 16, us-west1) served 2,974 ops/s of YCSB-A at 16 threads without recorded saturation (src/main/kotlin/t9/prime/equiv/generated/eval/CloudsqlPostgresqlYcsbAT16GoYcsbV1\_0\_0.kt). Published CPU-bound pgbench reaches 3,101 read-write transactions and 20,289 point reads per vCPU-second (AWS z1d.2xlarge, PostgreSQL 14.5), so actual capacity is likely higher. Reads and writes share one coefficient: at the same adapter version, read-only YCSB-C was not faster than 50%-update YCSB-A.
* Log-broker throughput (capacityStreamMiBPerVcpuSecond 20 at 0.5 utilization, 4 GiB RAM per vCPU) is provider-documented by Google Managed Service for Apache Kafka sizing ([https://docs.cloud.google.com/managed-service-for-apache-kafka/docs/plan-cluster-size](https://docs.cloud.google.com/managed-service-for-apache-kafka/docs/plan-cluster-size)): write-equivalent bytes are replicated writes plus a quarter of reads. Producer batches below 10 KB lower per-CPU throughput; that penalty is not modeled.
* Disk utilization 0.8 is provider-documented headroom below Cloud SQL automatic storage increase, which triggers near 91-95% full ([https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/instance-settings](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/instance-settings)). The 20 GiB reserve exceeds PostgreSQL's 1 GB default max\_wal\_size; the remainder of that reserve is unmeasured.
* CPU tiers, 4 GiB per vCPU, at most 6.5 GiB per vCPU, 96 vCPU and 65,536 GiB disk follow Cloud SQL Enterprise custom machine limits (provider-documented, same page); 624 GiB is 96 × 6.5. Targets billed per node, unit or throughput unit are sized by their backend instead.
* No public evidence: peak/mean work (2) and the RAM working-set fraction (0.1). Proposed measurements: the p99 one-minute rate over the monthly mean from customer CloudWatch metrics; the buffer hit ratio while stepping RAM under a fixed YCSB-B load.
* Stored GiB already includes the origin family's physical footprint assumptions; no second storage amplification is applied.
* The workload family already selected resource-hours; the throughput coefficient is not applied again.
* Copies and allocation fractions change cost only; they do not increase modeled primary capacity.

**Curve assumptions**

| Target scenario | Assumption | Value | Unit |
| - | - | -: | - |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Origin list price · Primary compute | 0.0413 | USD/vCPU-hours |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Origin list price · Primary memory | 0.007 | USD/GiB-hours |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Origin list price · Primary provisioned storage | 0.17 | USD/GiB-month |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Origin list price · Database reads | 0 | USD/operations |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Origin list price · Database writes | 0 | USD/operations |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Target CPU / source CPU | 1 | multiplier |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Target RAM / source RAM | 1 | multiplier |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Target disk / source disk | 1 | multiplier |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Target price guess · read | 0 | USD/read |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Target price guess · write | 0 | USD/write |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Target price guess · provider operation | 0 | USD/provider operation |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Target list price · GiB-month | 0.115 | USD/GiB-month |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Target price guess · published GiB | 0 | USD/published GiB |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Target price guess · delivered GiB | 0 | USD/delivered GiB |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Target list price · network GiB | 0.09 | USD/network GiB |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Target price guess · replica GiB-month | 0 | USD/replica GiB-month |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Target list price · vCPU-hour | 0.053 | USD/vCPU-hour |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Target list price · GiB-hour | 0.009 | USD/GiB-hour |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Target price guess · resource-hour | 0 | USD/resource-hour |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Target price guess · resource-month | 0 | USD/resource-month |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Target price guess · input token | 0 | USD/input token |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Target price guess · output token | 0 | USD/output token |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Target monthly base charge | 0 | USD/month |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Target service minimum | 13.98 | USD/month |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Minimum primary CPU | 2 | vCPU |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Minimum primary RAM | 8 | GiB |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Minimum primary disk | 100 | GiB |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Additional full-price standby copy | 0 | 0 or 1 |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Allocated share of provisioned cost | 1 | fraction |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Read/write work per vCPU-second | 1500 | operations/vCPU-second |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Planning peak / mean work | 2 | multiplier |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Planning primary CPU utilization | 0.7 | fraction |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Resident state reserved in RAM | 0.1 | fraction |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Planning disk utilization | 0.8 | fraction |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Maintenance and log disk reserve | 20 | GiB |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Staging database CPU unit-price guess | 0.0413 | USD/vCPU-hour |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Staging database RAM unit-price guess | 0.007 | USD/GiB-hour |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Staging database disk unit-price guess | 0.17 | USD/GiB-month |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Dependent object sink storage price guess | 0.023 | USD/GiB-month |
| RDS PostgreSQL (one copy) | Dependent object sink write price guess | 0.000005 | USD/write |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Origin list price · Primary compute | 0.0413 | USD/vCPU-hours |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Origin list price · Primary memory | 0.007 | USD/GiB-hours |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Origin list price · Primary provisioned storage | 0.17 | USD/GiB-month |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Origin list price · Database reads | 0 | USD/operations |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Origin list price · Database writes | 0 | USD/operations |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Target CPU / source CPU | 1 | multiplier |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Target RAM / source RAM | 1 | multiplier |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Target disk / source disk | 1 | multiplier |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Target price guess · read | 0 | USD/read |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Target price guess · write | 0 | USD/write |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Target price guess · provider operation | 0 | USD/provider operation |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Target list price · GiB-month | 0.115 | USD/GiB-month |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Target price guess · published GiB | 0 | USD/published GiB |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Target price guess · delivered GiB | 0 | USD/delivered GiB |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Target list price · network GiB | 0.09 | USD/network GiB |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Target price guess · replica GiB-month | 0 | USD/replica GiB-month |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Target list price · vCPU-hour | 0.053 | USD/vCPU-hour |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Target list price · GiB-hour | 0.009 | USD/GiB-hour |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Target price guess · resource-hour | 0 | USD/resource-hour |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Target price guess · resource-month | 0 | USD/resource-month |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Target price guess · input token | 0 | USD/input token |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Target price guess · output token | 0 | USD/output token |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Target monthly base charge | 0 | USD/month |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Target service minimum | 13.98 | USD/month |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Minimum primary CPU | 2 | vCPU |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Minimum primary RAM | 8 | GiB |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Minimum primary disk | 100 | GiB |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Additional full-price standby copy | 1 | 0 or 1 |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Allocated share of provisioned cost | 1 | fraction |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Read/write work per vCPU-second | 1500 | operations/vCPU-second |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Planning peak / mean work | 2 | multiplier |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Planning primary CPU utilization | 0.7 | fraction |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Resident state reserved in RAM | 0.1 | fraction |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Planning disk utilization | 0.8 | fraction |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Maintenance and log disk reserve | 20 | GiB |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Staging database CPU unit-price guess | 0.0413 | USD/vCPU-hour |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Staging database RAM unit-price guess | 0.007 | USD/GiB-hour |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Staging database disk unit-price guess | 0.17 | USD/GiB-month |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Dependent object sink storage price guess | 0.023 | USD/GiB-month |
| RDS PostgreSQL (two copies) | Dependent object sink write price guess | 0.000005 | USD/write |

* Source compute and stored data remain independent; a throughput view needs explicit workload inputs. Editable authored planning guesses, not verified provider tariffs, benchmark measurements or a commercial quote. Other native meters retain their explicitly displayed default quantities.
* Planning estimate · editable authored rates and sizing assumptions dated 2026-10-22; not verified provider prices. us-central1 → us-east-1, USD/month.
* Source prices are reference charges, not an invoice. Target lines cover selected service usage/configuration only; adapter hosting and Tensor9 fees are excluded.
* Explicit tariff samples are not performance measurements or capacity qualification. No interpolation or break-even guarantee is implied.
* Variant assumptions show the first axis sample; any axis-dependent configuration is described by this curve's workload note.
* Rates are cited provider list prices, editable for discounts, commitments or another region. Workload translation and capacity coefficients remain editable planning assumptions, not benchmark measurements or a commercial quote.
* Default-zero rates are explicit assumptions, not evidence that the deployed service or resource is free.
* Provisioned-unit minimums use an editable approximate allocation floor. Modeled target service cost is max(usage/allocation, minimum), with billable network, durable staging and dependent sinks added separately; actual RU/TU sizing, scaling increments and throughput remain unqualified.
* Durable staging is priced once: provisioned targets include adapter state in their selected allocation; native targets add a separate staging allocation when required. Adapter hosting is a separate allocation and must exclude resources already priced as staging, workers or target capacity.
* A declared adapter mapping and cost model do not establish implementation availability or service equivalence.
* This exact directed mapping has a design profile. Cost modeling does not establish an implemented or deployable adapter.
* Authored planning assumptions, not measured adapter capacity. Origin rates are cited first-tier list prices, before free allowances and discounts.
* A cost scenario does not establish backend availability, protocol fidelity or production readiness. Registry serving status remains independent.
* Provisioned compute and RAM are priced by resource-hour; operations are independently authored. Database size cannot be inferred from dollars alone.
* Aurora/AlloyDB, MySQL/PostgreSQL and proxied targets retain their distinct backend contracts. HA, replicas and proxy allocations must be selected explicitly.
* Cloud SQL bills vCPU and memory separately, so both meters cite list prices.
* RDS for PostgreSQL on db.m6i, the class the RDS reference model uses: vCPU and memory rates decompose two same-vCPU instances that differ only in memory. Multi-AZ with one standby bills exactly twice the instance and gp3 storage, which the standby copy reproduces. gp3 includes 3,000 IOPS and 125 MiB/s below 400 GiB; provisioned IOPS (USD 0.02 per IOPS-month), throughput (0.08 per MiBps-month), Graviton classes (db.m7g/r7g decompose to 0.0485 per vCPU-hour and 0.008875 per GiB-hour) and reserved instances are not selected.
* Row-store throughput (capacityOpsPerVcpuSecond, default 1500) is measured-by-tensor9 as a lower bound: the DynamoDB adapter on Cloud SQL db-custom-2-7680 (2 vCPU, PostgreSQL 16, us-west1) served 2,974 ops/s of YCSB-A at 16 threads without recorded saturation (src/main/kotlin/t9/prime/equiv/generated/eval/CloudsqlPostgresqlYcsbAT16GoYcsbV1\_0\_0.kt). Published CPU-bound pgbench reaches 3,101 read-write transactions and 20,289 point reads per vCPU-second (AWS z1d.2xlarge, PostgreSQL 14.5), so actual capacity is likely higher. Reads and writes share one coefficient: at the same adapter version, read-only YCSB-C was not faster than 50%-update YCSB-A.
* Log-broker throughput (capacityStreamMiBPerVcpuSecond 20 at 0.5 utilization, 4 GiB RAM per vCPU) is provider-documented by Google Managed Service for Apache Kafka sizing ([https://docs.cloud.google.com/managed-service-for-apache-kafka/docs/plan-cluster-size](https://docs.cloud.google.com/managed-service-for-apache-kafka/docs/plan-cluster-size)): write-equivalent bytes are replicated writes plus a quarter of reads. Producer batches below 10 KB lower per-CPU throughput; that penalty is not modeled.
* Disk utilization 0.8 is provider-documented headroom below Cloud SQL automatic storage increase, which triggers near 91-95% full ([https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/instance-settings](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/instance-settings)). The 20 GiB reserve exceeds PostgreSQL's 1 GB default max\_wal\_size; the remainder of that reserve is unmeasured.
* CPU tiers, 4 GiB per vCPU, at most 6.5 GiB per vCPU, 96 vCPU and 65,536 GiB disk follow Cloud SQL Enterprise custom machine limits (provider-documented, same page); 624 GiB is 96 × 6.5. Targets billed per node, unit or throughput unit are sized by their backend instead.
* No public evidence: peak/mean work (2) and the RAM working-set fraction (0.1). Proposed measurements: the p99 one-minute rate over the monthly mean from customer CloudWatch metrics; the buffer hit ratio while stepping RAM under a fixed YCSB-B load.
* Stored GiB already includes the origin family's physical footprint assumptions; no second storage amplification is applied.
* The workload family already selected resource-hours; the throughput coefficient is not applied again.
* Copies and allocation fractions change cost only; they do not increase modeled primary capacity.
* Cloud SQL pricing: [https://cloud.google.com/sql/pricing](https://cloud.google.com/sql/pricing)
* AWS Price List API: [https://pricing.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/offers/v1.0/aws/AmazonRDS/current/us-east-1/index.json](https://pricing.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/offers/v1.0/aws/AmazonRDS/current/us-east-1/index.json)
* AWS Price List API, AWSDataTransfer: [https://pricing.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/offers/v1.0/aws/AWSDataTransfer/current/us-east-1/index.json](https://pricing.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/offers/v1.0/aws/AWSDataTransfer/current/us-east-1/index.json)

Cost scope: Modeled target native service and explicitly modeled state allocation; hosting and Tensor9 fees only when supplied.

Excluded costs and workload features:

* Additional network transfer, backups, KMS, one-time migration and operational labor unless an explicit meter includes them.
* Destination application execution and separately billed downstream services; supply those allocations separately.
* Aurora per-IO, serverless-capacity, backup and proxy tariffs; reserved/committed-use purchase options.
* Taxes, discounts, credits and free-tier allowances unless explicitly reflected in edited rates.
* Unmodeled dependent services, task execution and operations outside the selected workload family.

List prices read: 2026-10-22. Model: `plan-b72c2bfd6d2ff100706a461705fad8366f46d1bd` / `2026-10-22.planning.2`. Curve: `workload-3`.

Sources: [Cloud SQL pricing](https://cloud.google.com/sql/pricing), [AWS Price List API](https://pricing.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/offers/v1.0/aws/AmazonRDS/current/us-east-1/index.json), [AWS Price List API, AWSDataTransfer](https://pricing.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/offers/v1.0/aws/AWSDataTransfer/current/us-east-1/index.json).

See the [service catalog](/byoc/service-adapters/catalog.md) for operation coverage, supported directions and backend limitations.


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